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6. TECHNICAL APPENDIX 6.1 Methodology behind technology selection for innovation outlook As thermal storage technologies sit across a vast family of different types of technology, we developed a method to help focus the report on those most relevant for energy systems with a high share of renewables globally. As a first step, we gathered a long list of 29 technologies from the literature across different types, readiness levels and applications. To help prioritise these to a core set of technologies for detailed analysis, we developed a prioritisation framework to draw up a short list. The framework was used to map the following attributes across the different technologies to help qualify the thermal energy storage (TES) technologies with the most impact: • TES type – this broadly classified the technology into one of four groups: latent, sensible, chemical or coupled • Sub-category – this identified a specific sub-group, such as redox or hydration/dehydration within chemical TES, to help further distinguish between them. • Technology readiness level (TRL) – a standard TRL metric was used to identify the technical maturity of each TES technology (an addition metric of commercial readiness level was also used later in the study to identify development needs). In addition to the basic attributes above, we developed four specific metrics to help capture how globally applicable these TES technologies might be for renewables integration to ensure the short list was broadly relevant to IRENA's membership countries. These were: • Versatility – this is the ability of the TES to be able to fulfil multiple use cases within an energy system. • Replicability – this is the ability of the TES to be used across multiple energy systems. Energy systems differ in the extent to which they are centralised/distributed, their market structures, their climate zone/geography, etc. As a result, some TES technologies might only have use to particular systems and so not be broadly applicable. • Additionality – this was to capture the uniqueness of the TES technology in providing the particular services. It was used to capture the extent to which the TES can provide a unique solution to a problem that another form of energy storage cannot solve as cost-effectively or at all. • Industry focus – this refers to the current state of attention the technology is receiving through private or public research or project funding. • Renewables integration – we describe at a high level what the use cases this TES could support for renewables integration. To qualify this factor, we used the IEA's renewable energy integration challenges, such as variable output, uncertainty of output and geographical dependence. These were then analysed at a high level for each of the 29 technologies to determine if they offered solutions for one or more of these challenges that present barriers to high renewables penetration in energy systems globally. In addition to the above, we also mapped at a high level where there was high potential for further innovation to reduce costs and improve performance, based on expert input from the University of Birmingham. These factors above were mapped with either quantitative inputs (such as TRL) or red/amber/green (for versatility, replicability etc.) for each of the 29 technologies in the long list. Then prioritisation was undertaken to short list technologies based on the following: 128 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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