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• mid-range TRL and above • medium–high level of interest from industry • one or more use cases supporting renewable energy integration • amber or above on average for global energy system applicability attributes • medium–high potential for further innovation. Using these filters, we then developed the final short list that consisted of 13 different technologies from the 29 in the long list. It is possible that there are other technologies that meet these criteria that have not been covered in detail in this report, but a detailed analysis of options was undertaken as outlined above to arrive at the list of focus technologies. This section provides further technical detail on the technologies described in the report. Included is further detail on relevant system components, materials and configurations, as appropriate. The technologies are divided based upon the principle of operation underpinning their function: 1. Sensibleheatstorage. 2. Latent heat storage. 3. Thermochemical heat storage. 4. Mechanical-thermal coupled systems. 6.2 Sensible thermal storage Sensible heat storage systems consist of a container for the storage medium and equipment for the charging and discharging processes. The type of container depends on the working temperature range, the chemical compatibility with the storage material and the effective thermal insulation needed, and constitutes an important element of the total TES system cost. Tank thermal energy storage In TTES, thermal energy is stored using a fluid, often water. Application-relevant aspects of TTES system configuration are highlighted here. The tanks are highly scalable. Tanks with small volumes of a few litres combined with solar thermal heating can be used for small-scale residential applications. For large applications, (commercial, industrial and district heating), the tanks can scale up to millions of cubic metres, limited only by the space available. Different configurations can be used (single tank, two tanks and multiple tanks), as shown in Figure 48. One tank is the simplest form of storing thermal energy. Cold fluid contained in an insulated tank is heated, reaching an average temperature between the starting storage tank and the heat transfer fluid temperature. In a two-tank system, both tanks must have the capacity to hold all the fluid, so the total volume is twice the sensible material volume. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 129PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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