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Solid state Solid materials as sensible TES can be utilised from cryogenic temperatures up to 1000°C (Xu and Chung, 2000). Both natural and artificial substances have been studied as storage media, such as rocks, pebbles, concrete and ceramic bricks. For small-scale applications (domestic and commercial) ceramic bricks working at temperatures up to 700°C are used. The system components are: the heat storage material, high-performance insulation (to avoid heat losses) and a fan to drive heat from the storage medium to point of use. These systems are typically charged overnight, and have a smart control to manage the level and timing of charge/discharge processes. Molten salts The most common salts used are HITEC ternary salt (53% of potassium nitrate [KNO3], 7% of sodium nitrate [NaNO3], and 40% of sodium nitrite [NaNO2]), and a binary salt mixture named “solar salt”, composed by 60% of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and 40% of potassium nitrate (KNO3) (European Association for Storage of Energy and European Energy Research Alliance, 2017a). 6.3 Latent thermal storage Low-temperature phase-change materials Several phase-change materials (PCMs) are in use with phase-change temperatures from 0 up to 120°C. As regards organic materials, paraffin is the most commonly used formed of wax at room temperature and chemically consisting of hydrocarbons with alkanes CnH2n+2. The melting point increases with the number of carbon (Fatih Demirbas, 2006). Laboratory-grade paraffin waxes, tetradecane and hexadecane and their binary mixtures are mainly used (Farid et al., 2004). As regards inorganic materials, salt hydrates such as strontium bromide (SrBr2.xH2O) have already been commercialised for domestic heating. Encapsulation or using shape-stabilisation (prepared by PCM integration into supporting material and microencapsulating PCMs in shell) are the most common forms of paraffin used. Recently emerging integration of photovoltaic (PV) and PCM system concepts for temperature control offers an opportunity to extend its usage to building-integrated concentrated photovoltaic (BICPV) systems. Employing PCMs passively keeps the BICPV unit’s temperature within a safe operating range and can also collect rejected heat for possible regeneration (Sharma et al., 2016) (see Figure 49). THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 131PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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