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High-temperature composite phase-change materials High-temperature composite PCMs (cPCMs) have working temperatures defined by their PCM melting point. For medium-temperature applications (working temperatures around traditional molten salts) and high- temperature applications (temperatures higher than the current concentrated solar power storage systems), binary and ternary mixtures of inorganic salts have been widely studied for thermal storage applications as heat transfer fluid (HTF) and TES materials. Nitrate, chloride and sulphate salts of alkali and alkaline metals, such as magnesium, potassium, lithium and calcium, are the main compounds used to produce medium temperature eutectic mixtures (Pereira da Cunha and Eames, 2016). Some composite material candidates proposed in the literature are shown in Table 16. Notable features of molten carbonates include their chemical stability, safety and optimal performance under a wide range of moderate (500 - 600°C) and moderate-to- high temperature (600 - 800°C) conditions, which makes them suitable for CSP applications. 6.4 Thermochemical heat storage Chemical looping Integration of the calcium looping (CaL) process and CSP has been previously analysed by other authors considering several schemes. Tregambi et al. (2015) proposed a configuration where CaCO3 calcination is assisted by CSP. Zhai et al. (2016) analysed several schemes in which CSP served to recover energy in the CO2 capture system. Edwards and Materić (2012) studied a CSP-CaL integration in which the heat produced in the carbonator reactor is used for power generation through a CO2/air open cycle. Muñoz-Antón et al. (2015) analysed the integration of a close-to-critical regenerative CO2 Brayton cycle over a CSP power plant without storage, to achieve a higher cycle efficiency. Alovisio et al. (2017) explored several conceptual configurations to maximise the performance of the CSP-CaL integration, mainly focusing on power cycle integration in the carbonator zone. An example of CSP-CaL configuration is shown in Figure 50. Table 16. Inorganic composites proposed in the scientific literature PCM Ceramic matrix High thermal enhancers Outcomes Ref. Eutectic carbonate (LiNaCO3) Microstructure of MgO Natural graphite and carbon nanotubes Thermal conductivity over 4.3 W/(m·K) and energy storage density over 530 kJ/kg (Alonso et al., 2016) Eutectic nitrates (NaKNO3) N/A Expanded graphite Thermal conductivity up to 51.5 W/(m·K) and energy density up to 80 kJ/kg. (Giannuzzi et al., 2017) Eutectic chlorides (MgCl2-KCl) N/A Expanded graphite and graphite paper Thermal conductivity: 12.7 W/(m·K) Energy density: 205 MJ/m3 (Giannuzzi et al., 2017) Note: N/A dennotes that no main needs were identified. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 133PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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