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Figure 50. CSP-CaL integration for thermochemical energy storage CSP input Energy storage Q released CaO(S) CO2 (g) CaO(S) CO2 (g) CaO storage Calciner CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g) ΔΗr0=+178 kJ/mol Carborator CaO(s) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) ΔΗr0=–178 kJ/mol Heat exchanger network CaCO3 / CaO storage CO2 storage Heat exchanger network CO2COMP CO2 TUR Q Power cycle Source: Alovisio et al., 2017. Salt hydrates sorption The interest in using hydration reactions for heat storage application mainly focuses on the hygroscopic salts such as magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium sulphide (Na2S), strontium bromide (SrBr2) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) (Yu, Wang and Wang, 2013). The priority properties of thermochemical storage materials (TCMs) are high energy density, high sorbate uptake, low charging temperature and high thermal conductivity. The most promising TCMs and the projects where they have been studied are listed in Table 17. Magnesium sulphate has been the most assessed material by researchers (Paulik, Paulik and Arnold, 1981; van Essen, Zondag, et al., 2009; Ferchaud et al., 2014; Posern et al., 2015; Kallenberger et al., 2016) due to its high energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, most of the studies conclude that pure magnesium sulphate is quite difficult to use practically because of its low power density and poor cyclability. Two different configuration systems can be used depending on the application requirements: closed and open systems (Figure 51). An open system exchanges mass and energy with the environment, and operates typically at ambient pressure (Ferchaud, 2016). Closed systems exchange only energy with the ambient environment, and are normally evacuated to enhance sorbate transport (van Essen et al., 2010). Depending on the storage media, the demand conditions and the system location, either an open or a closed system is selected. An open reactor can be more versatile compared to a closed system as it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. It also has a more compact system and more effective heat and mass transfer. Also, the energy efficiency of the open system has been reported to be 19% higher than the closed system (69% open system and 50% closed system) (Abedin and Rosen, 2012). 134 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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