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Figure 54. Adiabatic CAES with TES M Comp Exp G Thermal energy storage (TES) Compressed air storage (CAS) Source: Yu, Wang and Wang, 2013. TES for liquid air energy storage Compared to CAES, liquid air energy storage (LAES) has higher energy density and no geographical limitation. The efficiency of LAES can be further improved up to 90% or higher by integration with a waste heat source (Li, 2011). LAES can be used as electrical energy storage to charge and discharge electricity. The liquid air can also be used as a fuel for engines and the cold energy can be used for refrigeration (Dearman Engine, n.d.). For charging, an electric motor is connected to compressors for compression, and an expander is used for liquefaction. For discharging, a cryo-pump and evaporators are used for evaporation and heating, and air turbines are connected to a generator and driven by expansion. For storage, there is liquid air storage; cold storage; and heat storage (e.g. thermal oil and/or PCMs). Heat exchangers are used to transfer the cold and heat between compressed air and TES. For the systems that are integrated with waste heat from another process, it is not necessary to store the heat from compression for use in the discharging process. Back up information for the executive summary Upstream - From (supply) power sector perspective: • Impact on the systems –demand, capacity/peak, load profile, grid investments. • Flexibility – can these loads / technologies become a sources of flexibility? How? Downstream - From a (demand) coupling and service perspective: • What infrastructure and other aspects need to be considered today for a successful electrification tomorrow? • How to enhance the business case for each application? (systemic approach; e.g. ToU tariffs?) Start with the role of TES: • Provide flexibility to energy systems from a supply side perspective. • Shape cooling and heating loads from a demand- side perspective. • Enabler for sector coupling, electriricty, gas, heat cooling. 138 INNOVATION OUTLOOKPDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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