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Figure 1 Appendix: Annual energy-related CO2 emissions, 2010-2050 (Gt/yr) Energy-related CO2 emissions, 2010-2050 CO 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Power 10 5 Industry 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 Baseline Energy Scenario 43 Gt in 2050 Planned Energy Scenario 33 Gt in 2050 45% Buildings Transport Buildings Transport District heat Power Industry District Heat Transforming Energy Scenario 9.5 Gt in 2050 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Renewables Energy efficiency Fuel switch and others Two-thirds of emissions reduction potential in the Transforming Energy Scenario 26% 29% 52% 27% 21% Source: IRENA, 2020a. • Short-term and long-term flexibility (from minutes to seasonal). Energy systems globally are undergoing a significant transition driven by decarbonisation. The energy sector is responsible for a large share of global emissions, having less than 43 GT CO2 per year. The power sector is here where the focus of decarbonisation efforts has taken place. However, decarbonisation of other sectors such as heating and cooling for buildings, industry, and district heating and cooling schemes is both critical and has seen less progress. According to IRENA projections, renewable power, considering storage systems, and electrification of end-use sectors can provide over 90% of the energy related CO2 emission reduction required by 2050. Furthermore, energy system flexibility is needed to deliver integration of renewables across all sectors, and energy storage is one of several key technological solutions to providing system flexibility by higher VRE integration enabling end-use sector integration, demand shifting, deferral of costly electricity infrastructure. Some storage technologies are also able to store their energy cost-effectively for long durations, making them suitable for seasonal storage. Thermal storage technologies are broad in their technical characteristics, and their various qualities mean they can be applied to meet from hours to even months storage needs. There are several thermal storage technologies and they are mainly categorised by the underlying physical principle of how the specific material stores and discharges energy. These different technologies also have different temperature ranges in which they can operate, all the way from sub-zero to greater than 500°C, and it is this operating temperature range which defines the applications they can be used in. This report studies 13 TES sub technologies and the value and benefits they can add to energy sectors. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 139PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Outlook
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