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their liquid state, phase change materials have not always re-solidified properly. When temperatures dropped, they did not completely solidify, reducing their capacity to store latent heat. These problems have been addressed by packaging phase change materials in thin or shallow containers; compare unfavorably with the newer generation of low-cost, highly efficient, linear crystalline alkyl hydrocarbons [6]. Due to its high cost, latent heat storage is more likely to find application when: •High energy density or high volumetric energy capacity is desired, e.g., in habitat where space is at a premium, or in transportation where both volume or weight must be kept to a minimum; •The load is such that energy is required at a constant temperature or within a small range of temperature; •The storage size is small. Smaller storage has higher surface area to volume ratio and therefore cost of packing is high. Compactness is then very important in order to limit the containment costs. Similarly, heat losses are also more or less proportional to the surface area. Compactness is also an important factor to limit the heat losses in storage of small capacities [3]. Thermo chemical heat storage Storage based on chemical reactions has much higher thermal capacity than sensible heat but are not yet widely commercially viable. Some reversible chemical reactions can also be used as one of the solutions to store the thermal energy. The basic principle of this thermo chemical heat storage has been depicted in: except for the photochemical reactions), decomposing into the resultants of “A” and “B”. On the other hand, during the exothermic reaction, i.e. discharge process, the resultants of “A” and “B” experiences a combination reaction, forming the compound “AB” while releasing certain amount of thermal energy. In order to avoid the simultaneous reverse reaction during the charge process, resultants “A” and “B” are advised to be separately collected. Therefore, if “A” and “B” are in different phase form, forms example one is gas and the other one is in solid phase, then the corresponding reversible reaction will be more convenient for the implementation of thermo chemical heat storage. Well separation of resultants “A” and “B” guarantees the stable storage for the reactants, and this feature is very important for the long-term thermal energy storage. However, up till now, most of the endothermic reactions are operated either under a much higher temperature or with more special reaction requirements than the condition for normal building applications, thus the thermo chemical heat storage has been scarcely utilized in this area [2]. Several reversible chemical processes, all of them involving two media, are being investigated for their suitability as a means of thermal storage. One concept is using a salt, such as sodium sulphide and water. The salt can be dried using for instance solar heat. This will accumulate thermal energy, and this energy can be recovered by adding water vapor to the salt. Significant issue is with the corrosion and air tightness since the dry salt must be stored in an evacuated environment. This kind of reactions is combined with a heat pumping effect. Energy at a low temperature level has to be provided in order to discharge the storage, for instance vaporization of water. At the charging process is energy withdrawn from the system for instance by condensing water. Another reaction is adsorption of water in a zeolite material. Zeolites are alumina silicates with high micro- porosity and open structure. When dry zeolite material comes in contact with water vapor, the water vapor will enter the internal crystal lattice and causes a reaction that leads to the release of heat. The process is reversed by heating the • Endothermic reaction: & AB+Q1→A+B (5) • Exothermic reaction: & During the endothermic reaction, i.e. charge process, the compound reactant “AB” absorbs certain amount of thermal energy under relatively higher temperature conditions (compared with reverse exothermic reaction, A + B → AB + Q2 (6) 789PDF Image | Thermal energy storage overview
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