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directly to the storage material as, e.g. in a dry pebble bed with air flows or by way of a heat exchanger as in a solar domestic hot water store where the water – antifreeze mixture flowing through a solar collector has to be separated from the hot water for consumption [8]. Heat storage is a crucial issue to match demand for heat with supply of heat, or even with the need to get rid of waste heat. The ground has proven to be an ideal medium for storing heat in larger quantities and over longer time periods, like the yearly seasons. After plants to store summertime solar heat for use in winter heating, storage of waste heat now is emerging. The efficiency of heat storage depends upon the temperature level achieved and upon minimization of thermal losses [17]. Cool storage Currently, the main part of the cooling demand is covered by electricity consuming installations, and about 10% of the global electricity production is used for cooling. When taking into account the growing need for cooling, this situation is precarious as the electricity production of today causes large negative environmental impacts, the cost of electricity results in loss of profit, and systems peaks have turned out to be difficult and sometimes disastrous to handle. The concept of underground thermal energy storage delivers some of the most promising solution for addressing this challenge –both in economic and environmental terms. Cooling need can be reduced in the demand side, which must have first priority. Secondly, the need for supply of mechanical cooling can be reduced based on utilization of natural sources of energy such as cool night air, underground thermal energy storage using groundwater or geo- exchange systems for thermal energy etc. beginning with the most accessible ones. The market interest in such systems is rapidly increasing, as the systems have shown to be very profitable and to possess large environmental benefits. Some of the reasons for the increased cooling demand are: •Higher internal heat load intensity due to increased use of IT equipment and more closely occupied offices; • Increasing requirements for internal air quality and comfort; • Increased use of large glass facades to provide daylight increases cooling load; •Open office spaces with suspended acoustical ceilings and IT flooring, which unfortunately becomes a barrier for heat accumulation in the building structures; • Climate change with heat waves. Increased need for cooling for server and telecommunication equipment as well as four various industrial purposes [4]. 3. COMPARISON OF SENSIBLE AND LATENT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONS Sensible heat storage systems are simpler in design than latent heat or thermo chemical storage systems. However they suffer from the disadvantage of being bigger in size and cannot store or deliver energy at a constant temperature. Storage of sensible heat results in energy losses during the storage time. These losses are function of storage time, storage temperature, storage volume, storage geometry, and thermal properties of the storage medium. All the sensible heat storage concepts have one basic challenge in common. When heat or cold is charged into or discharged from the store, there will be temperature differences in different parts of the storage volume. It is then of the utmost importance that the storage medium can maintain a structured layer, for instance with the warmest water on the top, and the coldest at the bottom. The cost of the sensible heat storage solution mainly depends on the characteristics of the storage material. It is very common to utilize very cheap materials; for liquid such as water, oils and certain inorganic molten salts and solid like rocks, sands, pebbles and refractory as the storage medium. Due to high specific heat of water, and the possibility for high capacity rates for charging and discharging, this technology seems to be 791PDF Image | Thermal energy storage overview
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