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8 H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 Fig. 7. Classification of average storage systems according to applied concepts (adapted from Kuravi et al. [34]). blade sizes, although solutions using radial turbines or operating a high pressure turbine at higher speeds have been suggested [32]. In order to use solar power tower plants in arid locations, the power block will use dry, indirect cooling for lack of sufficient cooling water. 1.5.2. Classificationaccordingtoenergystoragemechanism If the material is not subjected to a phase change or a chemical reaction, due to temperature variations, it is referred to as SHS. LHS requires the material to absorb or release enough energy to trans- form its phase structure during melting/solidification. Finally, a TES system is classified as TCS, if the storage media undergo revers- ible endothermic/exothermic chemical reactions for heat storage. 1.5.3. Classificationaccordingtothestorageconcept The different TES concepts are also classified regarding the lo- cation of the storage media within the TES and on how the energy reaches it. This classification involves active, passive and hybrid storage, as illustrated in Fig. 7 and dealt with in detail by Kuravi et al. [34]. In an active storage system, the storage medium circulates through a heat exchanger (which can also be a solar receiver or a steam generator) and it is charged or discharged by forced convec- tion heat transfer. Active storage systems can be subdivided into direct and indirect systems, where the former uses the same ma- terial as heat transfer fluid and storage medium, whereas the latter uses a secondary storage medium. Contrary to an active storage, the passive storage medium does not circulate through the system, but always stays in the same lo- cation. The heat transfer fluid is responsible of carrying energy through the system: in the charging process the HTF carries the re- ceived energy from the energy source to the storage medium and receives energy from the storage medium when discharging. This type of system mainly uses a solid heat storage medium such as concrete, casts, and contained-PCMs. The hybrid storage combines active and passive concepts in trying to improve the characteristics of the storage systems. 1.6. Objectives and structure of the paper Energy capture and storage are “hot” research topics, as illus- trated by the literature review of Fig. 8: both PCMs (and nanoparticle- PCM) and TCS are within the focus of increasing current research, whereas the use of powders as sensible HTF has only recently at- tracted a lot of interest. Fig. 8. Literature (1970–2015), as total number of papers per 5 years, related to energy capture and storage in SCOPUS with keywords: ■ NP-PCM; PCM; ◆ particulate HTFs; ● thermo-chemical storage.PDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
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