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Prior to delineating the objectives of the present review paper, two previous review papers are important to cite, since both already deal with specific aspects of TES. The assessment of Yu et al. [35] evaluates TES by sorption process using silica gels, zeolites, alumino-phosphates, silico-alumino- phosphates and metal organic frameworks. These systems are recognized for their high thermal energy storage densities and long term applications. Intensive studies are however additionally re- quired to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the concept. Sorption energy storage is however not further discussed in the current review. A more comprehensive review of TES systems is provided by Kuravi et al. [31]. This review discusses the thermal energy storage design and practise for application and integration into concen- trating solar power plants. This integration is studied at plant, component and system level. Storage systems using active two- tank, steam accumulation, extended/embedded heat transfer structures, and packed bed systems were assessed. Energy and exergy efficiencies of the TES-systems were calculated to define the eco- nomic optimization. A life cycle assessment of TES systems and a case study conclude the research. The present review will exten- sively refer to Kuravi et al. [34] as far as these specific topics are concerned. It will however add additional and up-to-date findings in various fundamental and practical aspects of TES, all integrated into a design logic as illustrated in Fig. 9. The structure comprises 7 sections. Section 1 positioned TES systems and their growing importance within the energy aware- ness, with aspects of TES classification and its main impacts. Section 2 will deal with sensible heat storage, well-documented in literature and hence limited in the content of this review. Section 3 will deal with latent heat storage, specifically towards high temperature application, where inorganic substances offer a high potential. Experimental and modelling data will be com- pared. Since inorganic solid/liquid phase change materials suffer from a low thermal conductivity, conductive inserts offer a high poten- tial, reducing the charging/discharging time by a factor of 2. Specific applications of latent heat storage with cryogenics and with steam accumulations will be discussed, both however within very special ranges of application. Finally, recent developments in enhanced high temperature PCMs and the important impact of using lithium salts will be assessed: enhancement techniques appear to be moderately to highly effective. Section 4 will review the fundamentals of using reversible chem- ical reactions to store heat for short to long term periods. Within the selected reaction pairs, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, Co3O4 and Mn2O3 offer a high potential, both towards reaction temperature and revers- ibility. All reactions can be treated as first order chemical reactions, with activation energy between 50 and 250 kJ/mol and reaction rates of 1 to 2 × 10−3 s−1 at reaction equilibrium temperature. Since latent and thermo-chemical storage medium needs to be contained in a capsule (sphere, tube, sandwich plates) of appro- priate materials, Section 5 assesses the mechanical strength of the containment from both a theoretical and experimental evalua- tion. Alloy-capsules of 1–2 mm thickness meet the requirements of long term stability, even after multiple charging/discharging cycles. Section 6 deals with the current development of a novel heat transfer fluid, involving particulate suspensions. Literature and ex- perimental data confirm the high heat transfer coefficient achieved over 400 W/m2 in circulating fluidized bed, to 1100 W/m2 K in a dense upflow fluidized bed. A tentative assessment selects to a po- tential design and demonstrates that particulate suspensions lead to major savings in investment and operating costs. Finally, Section 7 will summarizes the findings and highlight required priority research. H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 9 Fig. 9. Layout of the review paper.PDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
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