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28 H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 Table 19 Selection of encapsulating materials (− poor; + acceptable; ++ excellent) [186]. Required property Resistance to corrosive environments Resistance to Cl− stress corrosion Resistance to reducing environments Resistance to oxidizing environments Resistance to NO3− Resistance to localized corrosion Application 500–700 °C Application 700–900 °C Application <900 °C Possible lid-welding AISI 316 + − + ++ − − + − − ++ AISI 304 + − + ++ − − + − − ++ AISI 310 + − + ++ − − ++ + − ++ AISI 321 ++ + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ − ++ Incoloy 825 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Inconel 600 Ceramics ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ − It is clear that only AISI 310 (to 700 °C), AISI 321, Incoloy 825, Inconel 600 and ceramic tubes (to 900 °C) meet the required general properties at temperatures in excess of 600 °C. In addition to these properties, several thermal and mechanical properties will determine the final selection, together with the mechanical calculations of the ge- ometry of the tubular encapsulation. or compressive stresses in one direction without stress in the other directions. 5.1.3. Preliminaryselectioncriteria In view of the concerns of operating temperature, thermal cycling between charging and discharging, possible oxidation by air or chem- ical attacks by the PCM or TCS reactants, the selection is rather limited and illustrated in Table 19. 5.2. RelevantpropertiesofE-materials Since extensive properties are provided in standard handbooks or websites of suppliers [187–189], or by the American Iron and Steel Corporation [190], only essential properties are summarized here- after; with an example more detailed description for INCONEL® alloy 600. 5.2.1. INCONELalloy600[187] INCONEL® alloy 600 is an engineering material with excellent mechanical properties, high strength and good workability. It is used for applications which require resistance to corrosion and heat. The high nickel content makes INCONEL alloy 600 resistant to corro- sion by organic and inorganic compounds and to chloride-ion stress- corrosion cracking. Chromium makes the alloy resistant to sulphur compounds and to oxidizing conditions at high temperatures or in corrosive solutions. INCONEL alloy 600 is used in a variety of ap- plications with temperatures from cryogenic to above 1095 °C. Mechanical properties are listed in Table 20 for tubes. The yield strength is between 170 and 345 MPa, the yield strength together with elongations of 35–55% [187] makes the alloy easy to fabricate. Fig. 29 shows the high-temperature tensile properties of an an- nealed (870 °C/1 hr) hot-rolled plate. Data for other materials are also included. Although both INCONEL alloy 600 and Incoloy 825 are applica- ble at temperatures beyond ~700 °C, the mechanical properties decrease significantly with increasing temperature. Fig. 30 presents the rupture life of hot-rolled material at tem- peratures of 538–1093 °C, and demonstrates that the applicable stress decreases with temperature and duration of use. Table 20 Typical mechanical properties for tubular INCOLOY alloy 600 [187]. INCONEL alloy 600 with a minimum nickel content of 72% is vir- tually immune to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking. Stress- corrosion problems occur in INCONEL alloy 600 in high-temperature, high-strength caustic alkalis. In this case the material should be stress-relieved at 900 °C/1 hr or 790 °C/4 hr prior to use and oper- ating stresses should be kept to a minimum. Fig. 31 shows the alloy’s resistance to oxidation and scaling at 980 °C, with other potential alloys included. This figure was obtained from weight-loss deter- minations which indicate the ability of a material to retain a protective oxide coating under conditions of cyclic exposure to the temperature. INCONEL alloy 600 offers the best long term oxida- tion resistance. When the machinability of INCONEL alloy 600 is compared with stainless steel, it is slightly more machinable than Type 304 and slightly less machinable than Type 303. The joining of INCONEL alloy 600 is done by conventional welding processes, using specific elec- trodes and either shielded metal-arc, gas tungsten-arc and gas metal- arc, or submerged-arc welding. 5.2.2. Incoloy825[191] Similar to Inconel alloy 600, Incoloy® alloy 825 is a Ni—Fe—Cr alloy with excellent thermal properties and corrosion resistance. The presence of molybdenum and copper enhances the resistance to a reducing atmosphere and to pitting and crevice corrosion. Fig.29. High-temperaturetensilepropertiesofannealed,870°C/1hr,hot-rolledplate of various alloys (adapted from Refs. 186 and 187). Hot-finished Annealed hot-finished Cold drawn, cold-finished Cold drawn, annealed Tensile Yield strength strength (0.2% offset) (MPa) (MPa) 520–690 170–345 520–690 170–345 990 915 550–690 170–345 Hardness, Rockwell (−) − − 34 Rockwell C 88 max. Rockwell BPDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
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