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H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 29 Table 21 Typical room-temperature tensile properties of INCOLOY alloy 825 [188]. Form and condition Tubing, annealed Tubing, cold drawn Plate, annealed Sheet, annealed Tensile Yield strength Elongation strength (0.2% offset) (%) (MPa) (MPa) 772 441 36 1000 889 15 662 338 45 758 421 39 Fig.30. Rupturelifeofplateintheas-hot-rolledcondition(538°C–704°Cdata)and in the hot-rolled and solution-annealed (1121 °C/2 h condition (732 °C–1093 °C data)) (adapted from Ref. 187). Fig.31. Resultsofcyclicoxidationtestsat980°C(cycleswere15minutesofheating and 5 minutes of cooling in air) (adapted from Refs. 186 and 187). Table 22 Mechanical–thermal properties of ceramics (adapted from Refs. 192–196). The addition of chromium confers resistance to different oxi- dizing substances such as nitric acid, nitrates and oxidizing salt. The addition of titanium, in combination with an appropriate heat treat- ment, stabilizes the alloy against sensitization to intergranular corrosion. Physical and mechanical properties are discussed in literature [190,191]. INCOLOY alloy 825 has good mechanical properties from cryogenic temperatures to moderately high temperatures. When the temperature exceeds 540 °C, microstructural changes (phase for- mation) can occur which lower ductility and impact strength. So at temperatures where creep-rupture properties are design factors, the alloy is not used. Some tensile properties of INCOLOY alloy 825 are given in Table 21: the alloy can be strengthened significantly by cold work. Fig. 29 showed the high-temperature tensile properties and in- dicated the typical usage range. The ultimate tensile strength of the material was found to be 720 MPa. The alloy has good impact strength at room temperature and retains its strength at high temperatures. 5.2.3. Extrudedtubularceramics[192–196] Ceramic materials are far less documented than their steel coun- terparts. In tubular ceramics, mostly alumina and its composites, zirconia, SiC and SiN are used. The alumina ceramics are recog- nized for their ease of production and moderate costs, although still between 4 and 5 times the cost of their steel equivalents. Some es- sential parameters are given in Table 22. To seal the ceramic heat exchanger tube after having been filled with PCM or TCS materials, different options are offered by ceramic specialists, including tungsten carbide, or silicon carbide or graph- ite seals [196–198]. For less demanding applications, steel hardware (clamps, clips, etc.) are proposed, e.g. Ref. 199. 5.3. Experimentaldesigndata Some initial experiments were carried out by the authors, using a welded AISI 321 tube filled with PCM. The capsules were Material properties Density Four-point bending strength Comparison stress Young’s modulus Fracture toughness Hardness 10 Thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Max. working temperature Chemical resistance Raw material costs Zirconia ZrO2 (TZP) β kg/m3 3900 6000 Unit Alumina σ4PB MPa 350 σOV MPa 400 E GPa 380 KIC MPa/m2 4 HV GPa 20 α 10−6/K 8 λ W/mK 25 Tmax K 1773 Rated Good €/kg 5 Silicon carbide Sintered Infiltrated SSiC SiSiC 3120 3100 400 360 500 470 400 380 3 3.5 25 20 4.5 4 100 110 1773 1653 Very good Good 157 Silicon nitride (10 bar) ND-SN 3200 800 925 320 6.5 15 3 30 1523 Good 60 Purity >99% 900 1060 210 8 12 11 2 1273 Good 75PDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
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