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Falling particle reactors have poor heat transfer and particle sta- Utf bility could be critical. The heat capturing capacity of the solids is low per unit reactor length. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) systems UCh offer the advantage of operating at high solid circulation fluxes, (>>500 kg/m2 s), thus being capable of conveying significant amounts Usalt of heat. The somewhat lower heat transfer coefficient than in BFB −4.7 2gD(sCh −1) 0.77 205 = 0.00872ρg H. Zhang et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 53 (2016) 1–40 31 Fig. 32. Operation modes of powder-gas systems [201]. heat losses. Fig. 32 illustrates the different operation modes of solid– gas systems, with representative values of the major characteristic transition velocities given in Table 26. Compared to the moving bed concept, introducing relative par- ticle movement improves the heat transfer and gas/solid mixing, but abrasion, erosion and particle elutriation increase with increas- ing gas velocity. Bubbling fluidized beds (BFB) and BFB with induced solids circulation (UBFB), operating with A-powders and at low U, Umb provide an excellent balance between heat transfer rates and par- ticle stability. Umf Table 26 Transition velocities associated with Fig. 34. Utrans Equations Ref. 0.06 2.07dpρg exp(0.716×F45), F45: fine fraction less 203 Ar = 1823Remf1.07 + 21.27Remf2 110 Umb = 0.347 μg than 45 μm Retf = 1.24Ar0.45, 2 < Ar < 108 204 UTR ReTR = 3.23 + 0.23Ar 201 UCh −Ut Usalt =4.43 ρp −ρg dp 206 ρg and UBFB, and higher risk of abrasion and attrition are drawbacks. The application of a higher value of U will moreover necessitate Ums Ums =Umf +0.07 gD , D: diameter of the bubbling 207 fluidized bedPDF Image | Thermal energy storage: Recent developments
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