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2. Central concepts It is economically inefficient, in all production processes, to install production and distribution equipment with the capacity to accommodate for the maximum (short-term) demand. Furthermore, productivity decreases when production equipment cannot operate at full capacity in periods of reduced demand. Consequently, manufacturing processes will seek to operate at optimum capacity, and store surplus production in periods with less market demand. This principle is, however, not feasible in most of today’s conventional energy production and distribution systems. The basic idea behind thermal storage in the building sector is to provide a buffer to balance fluctuations in supply and demand of low temperature thermal energy for space heating and cooling. The demand fluctuates in cycles of 24 hour periods (day and night), intermediate periods (e.g. seven days) and according to seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). Systems for storing thermal energy (heat/cold) should therefore reflect these cycles, with either short- term, medium term or long-term (seasonal) storage capacity. The energy sources normally used for heating and cooling are oil, gas, coal and electricity. However, it is not entirely logical, nor efficient, to burn fossil fuels at temperatures up to 1000 degrees in order to create an indoor climate at 20-25 degrees. Further, burning of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases. Neither is it efficient to use electric power, a form of highly processed energy, only for resistance heating (Narita, 1997). There are basically three types of thermal storage devices being investigated at present by the international research society and some industrial players: • Specific (sensible) heat storage • Latent heat storage (phase change materials) • Thermochemical heat storage The principal gain from thermal storage is that heat and cold may be moved in space and time to allow utilisation of thermal energy that would otherwise be lost because it was available at the wrong place at the wrong time. Thermal energy storage systems themselves do not save energy. However, energy storage applications for energy conservation enable the introduction of more efficient, integrated energy systems. Thermal energy storage therefore makes it possible to more effectively utilise new renewable energy sources (solar, geothermal, ambient) and waste heat/cold recovery for space heating and cooling. Thermal energy storage can consequently serve at least five different purposes: • Energy conservation utilising new renewable energy sources. • Peak shaving both in electric grids and district heating systems. • Power conservation by running energy conversion machines, for instance co- generating plants and heat pumps, on full (optimal) load instead of part load. This reduces power demand and increases efficiency. • Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. • Freeing high quality electric energy for industrial value adding purposes. 4PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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