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Some important parameters for an ATES installation are high ground porosity, medium to high hydraulic transmission rate around the boreholes, but a minimum of ground water flow through the reservoir. Ground water chemistry represents another set of parameters that must be given proper attention in order to prevent scale formation and furring. Numerous ATES facilities are in operation in Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium and some other European countries, including a system for heating and cooling at Oslo hovedflyplass Gardermoen. The Netherlands are probably the technological leaders in the field. 3.1.2 Borehole thermal energy storage Sweden (Lulea Technical University) has been one of the pioneers in developing borehole thermal storage. The first project was designed in order to store waste heat from a steel smelter in Lulea, and use it for space heating at the university. The holes for BTES are usually drilled to a depth of about 100-200 meters, using mine drilling technology. The drillhole diameter is typically 150-200 mm. Each hole is furnished with pipes for inserting and extracting a heat/cold carrying fluid into the hole. There are two basic principles, open and closed, being used to transport the heat carrying medium in and out of the holes. The two principles are illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Open (A) and closed (B) in-hole piping systems in Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES). In the open system is the inserting pipe placed with its outlet close to the bottom of the hole, whereas the extraction pipe has its inlet opening close to the top of the hole, but below the ground water table. The closed system uses u-pipes, and this means that the heat medium is pumped in a closed circuit, eliminating a number of potential problems with regard to water chemistry etc. that are inherent in the open system. The u-pipes act as a heat exchanger between the heat/cold carrying medium and the surrounding rock. Heat transfer between the 7PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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