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u-pipes and the rock is either through water filling the hole, or through some in-filling material like sand, mortar or bentonite clay. The holes can be drilled either in a quadratic or a hexagonal pattern, and they are usually vertical. A hexagonal pattern is better with regard to energy transmission and heat losses in the rock mass, but a square pattern is simpler to drill and connection between drillholes is easier. The distance between the boreholes will among other factors depend on the thermal properties of the rock. Distances of 6 to 8 meters are quite common in Scandinavian rock types. The holes can be connected in serial configuration, in parallel, or in a combination serial/parallel depending on the planned thermal loading and unloading of the facility. The shape of the storage facility, seen at the surface, can be adapted to the shape of the available land area as illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4. Examples of different drilling patterns that may be used in a BTES facility. Some important parameters for a successful BTES project are: rock with high specific heat, medium to high thermal conductivity, and compact rock mass with (virtually) no ground water flow. Other important parameters are the type of rock including grain size and the types of minerals. There are a few BTES facilities in Norway, mainly around Oslo. The newest project is the new Sentralsykehuset i Akershus at Lørenskog. The total installation will encompass 180 holes each with a depth of 200 meters. These holes will be able to supply 3.2 Mwh heat during the cold season, and 4.8 MWh will be loaded into the storage from cooling equipment during the summer. This will be the largest BTES installation in Europe (Helgesen, 2002). 3.1.3 Cavern thermal energy storage There are not too many examples of CTES installations in Europe. One of the more spectacular is the Lyckebo project in Uppsala, Sweden. The facility is used as seasonal storage for a district heating system with solar collectors. The underground excavation has a volume of 100 000 m3 and is formed almost like a do-nut as shown in Figure 5. This shape has a high volume to perimeter surface ratio that reduces heat loss. 8PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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