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Figure 5. The cavern thermal energy storage facility at Lyckebo in Sweden. The system is designed to supply 550 families with space heating and domestic hot water from a solar collector installation with an area of 4320 m2. The system also has an electric boiler for back-up (Many other seasonal stores have back-up heating systems based on electricity, gas or oil). The water in the cavern is inserted and extracted by two telescopic pipes, and this helps to ensure a very good temperature stratification with top and bottom temperatures of 90 oC and 40 oC respectively (Pilebro et al, 1986). (See section 3.2). When warm/hot water is first filled into the cavern, the heat losses to the surrounding rock mass will be substantial. However, during the first year or two after commissioning, the cavern will have developed a stable thermal halo around itself with decreasing temperature away from the warm/hot centre. There will still be a loss of heat, but dry rock is a poor heat conductor. The heat loss should be less than 10% during one operational cycle under favourable conditions. A crucial factor is ground water transport through the rock masses in the area, the less the better. The situation will be a parallel to freeze storage installations, where the cold (heat) loss stabilisation effect has been demonstrated in numerous Norwegian plants (Broch et al, 1994). 3.1.4 Ducts in soil The ducts in soil concept has found extensive use in connection with ground coupled heat pumps (GCHP) where the duct can be placed in horizontal relatively shallow trenches, or in vertical boreholes. Vertical boreholes are also suitable for thermal storage as discussed above in the section on BTES. 9PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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