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Soil storage with vertical ducts has not been much used in Norway, but about ten installations in soil and clay have been built in Sweden. The active storage volumes vary between 10 000 and 100 000 m3. The stores have to be equipped with some sort of insulation over the top part. This type of storage is best suited for low temperatures around 25-30 oC, and will need heat pumps to raise the temperature of the water used for space heating and tap water to a suitable level. The low temperature in the store means that it can be combined with solar collectors working at low to medium temperatures. Such collectors are simpler and cheaper than high temperature collectors, and at the same time will the efficiency and practical operating hours increase (Andrén, 2001). 3.1.5 Pit storage There are a number of seasonal pit storage installations for instance in Denmark, Sweden and Germany. The volumes can vary from 1-3000 m3 for a multi-family dwelling up to more than 10 000 m3 for housing complexes and commercial buildings. The largest installation in Europe is at present a 12 000 m3 concrete pit with a stainless steel liner in Friedrichshaven in Germany. This is used to store solar energy from a collector system with an area of 5600 m2 with a maximum temperature of 95 oC (Lottner and Mangold, 2000). Figure 6 shows the basic design of a pit storage facility in soil. The store will usually be placed close to the surface in order to reduce excavation costs but it will then need to be insulated both on the top and along the inclined walls, at least down to some depth. The top is usually covered with a load carrying construction (lid), so that the surface area can be used for some purpose or other. The pit also needs to be waterproofed, and this has usually been done by installing a liner of plastic or rubber. The storage temperature can be up to a maximum of 95 oC, provided that the liner is made of either advanced polymer materials or metal. Figure 6. Pit storage facility in soil. Storage pits are normally filled with water, but there are also examples where the pit is filled with both rock and water, using pipe heat exchangers placed in sand between layers of rock. One such installation, built in connection with a solar heating plant in Denmark is illustrated in Figure 7 (Heller, 2000). 10PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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