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Figure 7. Pit thermal energy storage filled with gravel/sand and water, and heat exchanger piping. Vertical cross section with pipe layers at left, lay-out of one layer of piping at right. The sand layers are used for protection of the PEX polymer pipes which have a total length of 5000 meters. The store volume is 3500 m3, and the maximum storage temperature is 66 oC. Practically all pit storage facilities in Europe are built in connection with solar collector systems for district heating. One interesting exception, however, is the snow storage used for summer cooling at the Sundsvall hospital in Sweden. The storage is a shallow pit lined with waterproof asphalt, and it has the capacity to store 60 000 m3 (40 000 tonnes) of snow. The stored snow is covered with a 0.2 m thick layer of wood chips that insulates the snow and reduces the natural melting rates so that some snow remains in the storage during the entire cooling season. Melt water form the storage is pumped to the hospital where it is used for cooling, and afterwards returned to the snow storage. When all the snow has melted, the wood chips are dried and burned in a local heating plant. (Skogsberg and Nordell, 2001) Based on published information, it seems that all the various pit storage installation are different, but a common problem is water leakage and heat loss due to the fact that a pit storage facility will not be placed deep in the ground due to costs. 3.2 Water tanks above ground The most common use of water tanks above ground in Europe is in connection with solar collectors for production of warm water for space heating and/or tap water. The main application is in smaller plants for single-family houses. Installations used for tap water production will usually need an auxiliary heat source, for instance gas, biomass or electricity. When the solar collector is used only to produce tap water, a storage volume of about 50-100 litres per square meter of collector area is normally sufficient. The collector area will be substantially larger in a combined plant for space heating and tap water production, and a suitable storage volume per square meter of collector area will be around 50 litres (KanEnergi, 2001). Water tanks above ground are also used as a buffer storage in connection with larger solar collector plants where the main storage medium may be for instance a BTES facility for seasonal storage in a district or local heating system. 11PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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