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There are also a few examples of large water tanks being used for seasonal storage. The only application where one can talk about a developed market is in connection with water tanks for smaller solar collector installations. There are a large number of producers in Europe, including some manufacturers of solar collectors. Most of them are small. This means that there is a potential for substantially reduced prices if large-scale, cost effective production can be organised. Looking at the installation of solar collectors in Europe, Germany has about 40% of the total capacity measured in square meters, Austria and Greece accounts for 20% each, and the remaining 20% is spread throughout the rest of Europe. It seems reasonable to assume that the producers of small water tanks for thermal storage will show a similar geographic distribution. Larger tanks for either buffer storage or seasonal storage will be manufactured according to order, and the market for such specific applications will probably remain small. The storage density (energy capacity) for water tanks is in the order of 0.01 MWh/m3. Referring to the discussion above on the importance of temperature layering, a water storage tank for solar tap water production will achieve a much better layering and higher utilisation factor of the stored heat with two internal heat exchangers instead of one. An even higher utilisation factor can be achieved with an external heat exchanger as illustrated in Figure 8 (Andrén, 2001). Figure 8. Storage water tanks for small-scale solar collectors. At left a simple tank with one internal heat exchanger for hot water in the top region. About 40 per cent of the thermal energy can be retrieved. In the middle is a better design with two internal heat exchangers. About 70 per cent of the stored thermal energy can be retrieved. At the right is a tank with an external plate heat exchanger. This design will give the best thermal layering, and up to 80 per cent of the stored energy can be recovered. 12PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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