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Water or ice tanks are widely used in Japan for thermal storage in connection with the cooling needs in HVAC (Heat-Ventilation-Air conditioning) systems. The most important goal for such systems is peak shifting (Yamaha and Shuku, 2001). 3.3 Rock filled storage Some solar collectors are made to produce hot/warm air instead of water. In this case can the sensible heat be transferred to a storage volume filled with rocks of fairly equal size. Uniform size is necessary in order to avoid channelling and ensure a satisfactory distribution of the air flowing through the storage volume. The storage is usually placed in the basement of a building. The heat capacity in a rock storage facility is about 40% of the heat capacity of water. A rock storage facility must consequently be 2.5 times larger than a water tank for a given collector area (KanEnergi, 2001). 3.4 Phase change materials (PCM) A phase change material melts and takes up energy corresponding to the latent heat of the material when the temperature increases above the melting point. When the temperature decreases below the material's melting point, the PCM solidifies (freezes) and the latent heat is released. Phase change materials can therefore be used as a thermal storage medium for both heating and cooling. One common application is buffering of indoor temperature variations, and this means that heat and cold is stored in a temperature interval of only a few oC. The use of PCM for temperature buffering will lead to energy savings, and it is also expected that the thermal comfort will improve (Mehling, 2001). Some application areas for PCM in buildings are illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9. Application areas for PCM in buildings. No. 1: Latent heat store for space heating. No. 2: Plaster and compound systems with high heat storage capacity. No. 3: Transparent insulation and daylighting schemes. No. 4: Shading PCM compounding system. No. 5: PCM in gypsum products and paints. No. 6: PCM to buffer temperature variations in solar-air- systems. 13PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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