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A wide variety of solid-liquid phase change materials is commercially available with temperature ranges from – 21 oC (sodium chloride solution) to more than + 200 oC (salts and eutectic salt mixtures). Some of the more popular and easy to use products are various paraffin and these can be made with melting points between - 20 oC and 120 oC. Paraffins are non-toxic, ecologically harmless, and chemically inert to nearly all materials, and this means that there will be no corrosion in heating/cooling systems. Phase change materials (solid–liquid) have a storage density in the order of 0.1 MWh/m3. The use of a complete solid-liquid-vapour phase change cycle will further increase the storage density. Such systems are technically feasible, but quite a bit more complicated than the simple (and passive) solid-liquid-solid cycle. 3.5 Thermochemical storage Several reversible chemical processes, all of them involving two media, are being investigated for their suitability as a means of thermal storage. One concept is using a salt, such as sodium sulphide and water. The salt can be dried using for instance solar heat. This will accumulate thermal energy, and this energy can be recovered by adding water vapour to the salt. This concept works “on paper” and in the lab, but there are problems with corrosion and air tightness since the dry salt must be stored in an evacuated (airless) environment. Reactions like these are combined with a heat pumping effect. Energy at a low temperature level has to be provided in order to discharge the storage, for instance vaporisation of water. At the charging process is energy withdrawn from the system for instance by condensing water. Another reaction is adsorption of water vapour in a zeolite material. Zeolites are alumina silicates with high micro-porosity and open structure. When dry zeolite material comes in contact with water vapour, the water vapour will enter the internal crystal lattice and causes a reaction that leads to the release of heat. The process is reversed by heating the zeolite material to more than 100 oC when the water is driven off (desorption). The adsorption/desorption processes can be repeated (almost) indefinitely without any significant deterioration of the zeolite material. This process is being used in a heating/cooling plant in a building in Munich. Drying of the zeolite material is done by cheap, off-peak heat from the district heating system (Hauer, 2001). There is actually a commercial product based on zeolite/water adsorption available, also in Germany, namely self-cooling bear kegs. The user just turns a handle and waits for about ten minutes. Then can he/she serve 20 litres of cold beer to thirsty guests. The empty kegs are returned to the factory, recharged by heating, and filled with beer again. Since its introduction in 2001, about 20 000 kegs are in regular use (Maier-Laxhuber, 2001) 14PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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