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4. Interaction with other Smartbuild strategies and technologies 4.1 Thermal storage and user needs Thermal energy storage has a number of potential applications, both in single-family houses, housing complexes, and in a wide variety of commercial and service buildings. The users are therefore very different with regard to building ownership, knowledge and competence, financial capacity, environmental engagement, and risk aversion attitudes. The latter is one of the important barriers with regard to development and application of new technology, both among Owners, contractors, users, suppliers and consultants. However, the users will not express a need or an interest for thermal energy storage capacity per se. They will primarily be looking for a certain level of functional and reliable comfort at an affordable cost. Further, affordable cost will also be seen different among different users. Some may chose high investment solutions in return for lower operating costs in the operation phase, perhaps also discounting expected increases in energy prices. Others again will opt for low investment solutions, accepting higher operating costs. A third group of users will be the ones who rent residential or commercial space owned by someone else. In this case will the user’s preferences probably be of little importance. 4.2 Thermal storage and environmental criteria Norway has become dependent on import of electric energy, and this means importing electric energy generated by burning fossil fuels. In the case of “business as usual” the future increase in the use of electricity will therefore lead to more greenhouse gas emissions caused by Norwegian consumers. It is not obvious that for instance Danish coal fired power plants will continue to “carry” the CO2 quota for electricity sold to Norway if the Kyoto protocol is implemented internationally. Thermal energy storage, combined with new renewable energy sources and waste heat/cold recovery, can make a significant contribution with regard to reducing the amount of electric energy used for space heating and cooling today, and this will lead to less greenhouse gas emissions “on the Norwegian account” due to import. A further reduction is possible by replacing space heating plants burning oil. However, some UTES applications may lead to negative environmental impacts. A BTES installation with closed loop U-tubes will often use water as the heat exchanger medium with an additive such as glycol to prevent freezing. This can lead to some underground contamination if leakage should occur. This also applies to a duct in soil installation where the dissemination of the polluting medium can become much more wide spread than in a BTES plant. Also an ATES installation used for heating and cooling can lead to environmental problems due to the pumping of groundwater into and out of the aquifer, or between aquifers as in the Parliament project (refurbished former Reichstag) in Berlin. The exchange of water can disturb the mass balance in the reservoir and lead to groundwater contamination in areas that are outside the zones that are influenced by temperature changes. 16PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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