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Integrated energy systems need to be developed at two levels: • Integration of various thermal energy sources into concurrent systems for heating, cooling and production of hot water, eventually incorporating thermal storage. • Physical integration of such systems into the building structure. 4.6 Thermal storage and lighting systems No direct interaction can be envisaged between thermal storage and lighting systems. However, it is a possibility that some solutions for lighting systems, especially architectural design strategies, may contribute also to passive solar heating of the building’s thermal mass. 4.7 Thermal storage and building integrated photovoltaics Photovoltaic panels need cooling in order to maintain their efficiency. Large panels can be cooled by air flowing in a channel along the back of the panel. Cool air enters at the bottom of the channel and exits at the top at a higher temperature. The thermal energy contained in the warmer air can be stored and used for space heating. Such a concept was described in one of the presentations at the Photovoltaics Seminar at NTNU in June 2000. (No reference available). The heat can either be stored in a rock storage facility, or converted to water storage via a heat exchanger. It is also possible to integrate a heat pump in this circuit to raise the temperature in the storage. A water storage combined with a heat pump can also produce tap water. Another example is described in the Smartbuild State of the Art report on Building Integrated Photovoltaics (Andresen, 2002). In this case is a PV/thermal collector system combined with a heat pump and an aquifer. In summer, the PV/thermal collector is cooled with 5-10 oC water from the aquifer. While cooling the collector, the water is warmed to about 20 oC, and stored in the aquifer to be used as a heat source in winter (ATES). 4.8 Thermal storage and heating, cooling and ventilation systems In North America it is typically found that a UTES system integrated as part of a building’s heating, cooling and ventilation system can reduce cooling costs by 80 per cent and heating costs by 40 per cent or more. Heating, cooling and ventilation systems should preferably be discussed in connection with the building’s energy system, ref. section 4.5 above. 4.9 Thermal storage and heat pumps Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) are probably the fastest growing market sector for heat pumps in residential buildings in North America and Central/North Europe. Such installations can be used both for space heating in winter and cooling in summer, simply by reversing the system. This also incorporates an element of thermal storage. When the system is used for heating, the ground around the heat exchanger(s) will gradually cool down, and may eventually freeze if the heat exchanger is placed in soil. Then when the system is reversed for 19PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage A State-of-the-Art
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