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Sensible Heat Storage [5, 8-12] Latent Heat Storage [5, 9, 10, 12, 13] Thermochemical Storage [9, 11, 13] Advantages • Demonstratedlarge energy capacity (~GWh) • Inexpensive media • Solid media does not freeze and can achieve >1000°C • Good for isothermal or low T applications • Can provide large energy density with combined sensible and latent heat storage • Large energy densities • Small heat losses • Potential for long-term storage • Compact storage system • Oxide TCES Stable at high temperatures (> 1000°C) Challenges • Requires insulation to mitigate heat losses • Lower energy density requires larger volumes • Molten salts freeze at ~200 °C. • Potential for corrosion • For larger T, may need cascaded systems (adds costs and complexity) • Low maturity • Higher complexity • Low maturity • Higher capital costs • May require storage of gaseous products Maturity High Low Low 4. State of Current Technology 4.1. Sensible heat storage Sensible heat storage consists of heating a material to increase its internal energy. The resulting temperature difference, together with thermophysical properties (density, specific heat) and volume of storage material, determine its energy capacity (J or kWh): E =VTH c (T)dT (1) sensible TC p Desirable features of sensible storage materials include large densities, (kg/m3), large specific heats, cp (J/kg-K), and large temperature differences between the hot and cold states, TH – TC (K). Key advantages include a low cost of sensible storage materials, high maturity level, and large energy capacities. Table 2 provides a summary of thermophysical properties of various sensible solid and liquid storage media. Cost • ~$1/kg for molten salts and ceramic particles • ~$0.1/kg for rock and sands • ~$1/MJ–$10/MJ (system capital cost) • ~$4/kg–$300/kg • ~$10/MJ–$100/MJ (system capital cost) • ~$10/MJ–$100/MJ (system capital cost) 4PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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