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*U.S. Energy Information Administration (June 5, 2018) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1680 742 Large-Scale Battery Storage (~100 plants in U.S. at end of 2017) Crescent Dunes CSP Plant (molten-salt storage) Solana CSP Plant (molten-salt storage) 1100 Figure 3. Comparison of energy storage capacity for battery and CSP plants Battery data from U.S. Energy Information Administration [14]. 4.1.1. Current Implementation Current implementation of high-temperature sensible heat storage for electricity production uses liquids (e.g., molten salts) and solids (concrete, rocks). 4.1.1.1 Liquid Molten nitrate salt (60% NaNO3, 40% KNO3) is being used in commercial CSP plants around the world to provide gigawatt-hours of thermal energy storage. It has a low vapor pressure, so it is not pressurized at typical storage temperatures up to ~600°C, and it can be pumped from one location to another. Figure 4 shows a photograph and schematic of the 110 MW Crescent Dunes CSP plant with 1.1 GWh of thermal storage using molten nitrate salt. Molten salt is heated in a receiver on top of a tower by concentrated sunlight from a field of heliostats. The hot molten salt (~565°C) flows to a hot storage tank (right tank in Figure 4). When needed, molten salt is pumped from the hot storage tank to a heat exchanger where it heats water and generates steam to spin a turbine/generator for electricity. The cooled molten salt (~300°C) is pumped to a cold storage tank (left tank in Figure 4) and back to the receiver to be heated when the sun is shining. CSP plants can operate with large capacity factors (70–80%) and provide dispatchable energy. 6 Energy Storage Capacity (MWh)PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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