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Particle elevator P Particle hot storage tank Particle-to- working-fluid heat exchanger Particle cold storage tank Pa a r rt ti i c cl l e ec cu u r rt t a a i i n n A A p p e er r t t u ur re e Figure 5. Illustration of a high-temperature falling particle receiver with tower-integrated storage and heat-exchanger for dispatchable electricity production [17] Like the other solid-based thermal storage technologies, inexpensive particle storage can accommodate increasing penetrations of renewables by allowing heat to be stored when electricity demand is low, and then using that stored heat to produce electricity when demand and prices are higher. This time-shifting of energy production and use can increase the flexibility of traditional baseload power plants, including nuclear and geothermal. Solid storage media has the advantage of being inert, inexpensive, non-corrosive, and easy to handle. In addition, many solid materials exhibit a much wider operating temperature range than molten salts. Rock, sand, and sintered bauxite have all been utilized in thermal storage systems and can operate in sub-freezing to >1000°C temperatures. Large volumes of bulk solid material can also provide self-insulation from the cooler ambient environment. As the volume of the bulk storage tank increases, the ratio of its surface area to volume decreases, which reduces heat loss. So, large storage tanks or containment systems yield both performance benefits and economies of scale. Pumped thermal energy storage uses electricity in a heat pump to transfers heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir similar to a refrigerator. When electricity is needed, the heat pump is reversed to allow the heat from the hot reservoir to drive a heat engine and spin a turbine/generator. The large potential temperature differences between the hot and cold reservoirs can enable highly efficient power cycles. Malta, a spinoff from Google X, is designing a pumped-thermal energy storage system (Figure 6). 9 Falling particle receiverPDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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