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sudden expansion, which spins and turbine/generator for electricity production. The heat exchanger can consist of a gravel bed that serves as a cold store of low-temperature material after giving up its energy to vaporize the liquid air. The low-temperature material can then be used to help cool the air during the next refrigeration cycle. 4.2.2. Challenges Challenges with PCMs include relatively high costs and narrow operating temperature ranges. Using PCMs to provide energy to a heat engine will typically require a cascaded system with multiple PCMs with different melting points. The use of molten silicon at high temperatures provides challenges with materials containment and heat loss. Phase-change systems must still be well insulated to prevent heat loss and subsequent phase change. 4.2.3. Opportunities 1414 Degrees appears to have successfully developed a prototype molten-silicon system that exploits very high latent heats of fusion. Other systems and materials that can exploit high latent heats of fusion at low costs may provide alternative thermal storage capabilities. 4.3. Thermochemical storage Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is a promising storage technology, especially at high temperatures (> 700°C), as it allows for the storage of heat through chemical reactions, for example, the breaking/reforming of bonds. A conceptual illustration of TCES is shown in Figure 7 [18]. Figure 7. Schematic of steps involved in TCES: charging, storage, and discharging [18] The thermochemical storage reaction, in its most basic form, can be written as AB + ΔHrxn A + B (2) 12PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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