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In this equation, Reactant AB is dissociated into Products A + B via the application of heat (heat of reaction shown in Table 3) in an endothermic reaction. The individual products can be stored separately for an indefinite amount of time. In times of thermal demand, A + B recombine in an exothermic reaction, releasing heat (the reaction proceeds to the left). The TCES process compared to other thermal storage technologies is summarized in Table 1. The potential benefits of TCES include (1) enabling more efficient high-temperature power cycles (sCO2 or air Brayton) that are inaccessible using current molten salt technologies, (2) potential higher-density and long-term storage, and (3) higher exergy. In addition, certain TCES processes (e.g., redox-active oxides) are also amenable to generating hydrogen via water- splitting. The hydrogen can then be used on-site to run a fuel cell for back-up generation. For TCES to be a practical storage technology, the materials must have a large reaction enthalpy and fast reaction kinetics, high thermal conductivity, good cyclic stability without the formation of unwanted phases or side reactions. They should also consist of abundant and economically inexpensive elements [19-22]. 4.3.1. Implementation A variety of potential TCES processes exist, though no TCES material has been implemented on an industrial scale. TCES can be applicable over a wide range of temperatures and conditions. Heat source, the type of power cycle, operating temperature, and receiver configuration all influence the selection of a candidate TCES material. Table 4 lists the most promising TCES reactions by type, reaction temperatures, enthalpies, and gravimetric storage energies. The operating temperatures and storage densities are representative values, but can differ depending on operating conditions, such as pressure, as well as the morphology of the solid species. The solid species can be particles, monoliths, or supported on inert or reactive scaffolds to avoid sintering or deactivation of the material [23]. Table 4. Candidate materials systems for thermochemical energy storage Reaction Enthalpy Storage Medium (kJ/mol) Carbonates CaCO3(s)+ΔH CO2(g) + CaO(s)+CO2(g) 178 SrCO3(s)+ΔH ↔SrO(s) + CO2(g) 234 BaCO3(s)+ΔH↔BaO(s) + CO2(g) 273 Hydroxides Ca(OH)2(s)+ΔH↔CaO(s)+ H2O(g) 104 Mg(OH)2(s)+ΔH↔MgO(s)+ H2O(g) 81 Hydrides MgH2(s)+ΔH↔Mg(s)+H2(g) 75 Mg2FeH6(s)+ΔH↔2Mg(s)+Fe(s)+H2(g) 74 Temperature Range (°C) 850-1273 900-1200 ~1290 400600 350- 300-480 300-500 Gravimetric Storage Density (kJ/kg) 1764 300-1000 1406 1340 2880 2106 (theo.), 1921 (expt) Volumetric Storage Density (MJ/m3) 2491 1200-1500 1640 1396 2088 5768 (theo) 2344(expt) 13PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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