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Reaction Enthalpy Storage Medium (kJ/mol) Mg2NiH4(s)+ΔH↔Mg2Ni(s)+2H2(g) 77 NaMg2H3(s)+ΔH↔NaH(s)+Mg(s)+H2(g) 87 NaMgH2F(s)+ΔH↔NaF(s)+Mg(s)+H2(g) 97 Temperature Range (°C) 300-500 430-585 Gravimetric Volumetric Storage Storage Density Density (kJ/kg) (MJ/m3) 1160 3142 1721 ~1721 1416 1968 3587 7374 3924 2682 - 844 - 474 - - - - - CaH2(s)+ΔH↔Ca(s)+H2(g) Ammonia NH3(g) 1⁄2 N2(g) + 3/2 H2(g) Redox Active Oxides * 2Co3O4 (s)+ΔH↔6CoO(s)+O2(g) 2BaO2(s)+ΔH↔6BaO(s)+O2(g) 6Mn2O3(s) +ΔH ↔ 4Mn3O4(s)+O2(g) 4CuO(s)+ΔH↔2Cu2O(s)+O2(g) Ca0.95Sr0.05MnO3(s) +ΔH↔Ca0.95Sr0.05MnO2.7(s) + 0.15 O2(g) CaAl0.02Mn0.8O3 (s)↔ CaAl0.02Mn0.8O2.68 (s)+ 0.16 O2(g) La0.3Sr0.7Co0.9Mn0.1O3(s)+ΔH↔ La0.3Sr0.7Co0.9Mn0.1O2.54(s)+0.23 O2(g) 510-605 186 1000-1400 67 400-700 205 900 79 693-780 32 1000 204 64 1030 - 1000 555 368 200-1250 350 200-1250 390 - 250 - *Storage values for redox materials do not take into account the sensible heat storage contributions of these oxide materials. Table 5 lists the pros and cons of each type of cycle as well as its technology status. Table 5. Advantages and drawbacks of TCES materials (adapted from [16]) Material Advantages Drawbacks Technology Status Carbonates • Cheap, abundant, and non-toxic • High energy density • High operating temperatures (up to 1700 K) suitable for high- temperature power generation • Less reversibility • Low cyclic stability (10–20 cycles) • Sintering Lab-scale (fixed or fluidized-bed reactors) and pilot- scale (CaL technology for CO2 capture) Hydroxides • Low material cost • Abundant • Non-toxic • Agglomeration of material • Side reactions with CO2 Lab-scale and pilot- scale Metal Hydrides • High energy density • High reversibility • A lot of experimental feedback on H2- storage and heat pump applications • Poor reaction kinetics • Hydrogen embrittlement • Sintering • Higher material cost Pilot-scale Oxides • High reaction enthalpy (205 kJ/mol) • Wide operating temperature (400– 1473 K) • Toxicity of some products (Co3O4/ • CoO) Lab-scale 14PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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