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Recently, there has been an increased interest in metal oxide TCES systems due to their capacity for high-temperature operation, energy density, ease of storage, and cyclability [23]. Tescari et al constructed and demonstrated a pilot scale TCES system utilizing cobalt oxide (Co3O4/CoO) as the TCES material, shown in Figure 10 [31]. Although the storage system was gas-powered and not solar-thermal-powered, it provided important data and proof-of-concept for this system. Twenty-two thermochemical charge/discharge cycles were carried out with no measurable performance degradation between cycles. The authors also showed that the TCES system almost doubled the storage capacity of the reactor compared to storage under the same conditions and volume using only sensible heat (47.0 kWh versus 25.3 kWh, respectively). 4.3.2. Challenges While the concept of thermochemical energy storage holds promise, multiple challenges exist before the technology is ready for significant deployment. Specific challenges to the various types of storage systems are described in Table 5. Overarching issues include (1) development of novel solar receiver and reactor configurations that can be integrated into CSP designs, (2) low heat transfer efficiencies, (3) lack of large-scale testing and data, (4) material cyclability and lifetime, and (5) comprehensive technoeconomic analyses to determine cost, viability, and impacts. However, these challenges are not insurmountable, and ongoing research efforts can address the shortcomings. Figure 10. Schematic of the complete reactor system [31] 4.3.3. Opportunities Thermochemical energy storage can potentially provide large-scale energy storage at costs lower than current electrochemical storage technologies. TCES materials can in theorgy store thermal 17PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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