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energy indefinitely in the form of chemical bonds. This can allow for long-term, seasonable storage. In addition, some of the mixed-metal oxides are closely related to materials used in thermochemical water spitting [32, 33] for the production of hydrogen, which can power fuel cells for power or transportation, thus representing another potential form of “energy storage.” Some of the lower-temperature cycle materials can possibly be modified for thermal storage in hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems. 5. Summary Thermal energy storage, which includes sensible, latent, and thermochemical energy storage technologies, is a viable alternative to batteries and pumped hydro for large-capacity, long- duration energy storage. Sensible energy storage technologies include the use of liquid molten salt stored at nearly 600°C in large insulated tanks, which can be dispatched when needed to heat a working fluid in a heat engine (steam Rankine cycle or Brayton cycle) to generate electricity. Sensible energy storage in solid media has also been demonstrated in large graphite blocks, concrete, rocks, and sand-like particles. The benefit of solid media is larger temperature ranges relative to molten nitrate salts (from below freezing to greater than 1000°C). Latent energy storage uses phase-change materials that change states from solid to liquid, providing additional energy storage capacity through the latent heat of fusion. Cryogenic energy storage employs a latent phase change from gas to liquid. Thermochemical energy storage uses reactive materials that use the heat of reaction to store energy in chemical bonds. The benefit of thermochemical storage is that the reactants can be stored for very long periods with minimal energy loss. When needed, the reaction can be reversed, releasing the heat of reaction. Phase-change materials and thermochemical storage materials are less mature than sensible heat-storage materials and are key areas for future research. 6. Acknowledgements 7. Contributing Author Headshots / Biographies (5 Sentences Maximum) Dr. Cliff Ho is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a Senior Scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, where he has worked since 1993 on problems involving solar energy, thermal energy storage, water safety and sustainability, heat- and mass-transfer processes in porous media, and microchemical sensor systems for environmental monitoring. Dr. Ho has authored over 300 scientific papers, holds 15 patents, is an author and co-editor of two books, and is an Associate Editor of Solar Energy Journal. He received an Outstanding Professor Award at the University of New Mexico in 1997, and he received the national Asian American Engineer of the Year Award in 2010. Dr. Ho received an R&D 100 Award in 2013 for his development of the Solar Glare Hazard Analysis Tool, and an R&D 100 Award in 2016 for his development of the Falling Particle Receiver for Concentrated 18PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
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