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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Key messages 1. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is an established concept for balancing the mismatch in demand and supply for heating or cooling, offsetting differences in time and magnitude of heat / cooling production. TES can help improve system performance by smoothing supply and demand and system temperature fluctuations, as well as improving the reliability of the heating and / or cooling source. 2. Thermal energy storage technologies can be divided into three categories: sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage. Sensible heat storage includes tank (TTES), pit (PTES), borehole (BTES) and aquifer (ATES) thermal energy storage, and also electric storage heaters. Latent heat storage uses different types of phase change materials (PCM), while thermochemical heat storage (THS) refers to the use of reversible chemical reactions to store large quantities of heat in a compact volume. 3. There are two primary applications for TES – intra-day and interseasonal storage of heat. For intra-day applications two technologies have had major uptake in the UK: approximately 1.8 million homes with electric storage heaters and approximately 11 million homes with (hot water) tank based systems. Larger TTES units (>500 litres) are sold in low thousands of units each year. There are tens of systems in the district heating (hereafter referred to as DH) segment, where tanks are usually of a size between low hundreds to thousands of m3. Interseasonal thermal storage projects have only been realised for niche applications and a lack of drivers as well as presence of barriers will restrict the future uptake of these technologies. It is estimated that there are a low number of interseasonal TES projects in the UK, with a total of tens of projects identified (PTES, BTES, ATES). 4. Estimates for capital costs of TES can range from as low as 0.3 £/kWh for very large interseasonal applications to above 400 £/kWh for very small PCM based intra-day storage. Generally upfront costs progressively reduce as the size of the thermal store increases – meaning that the bigger the store the lower the cost (in terms of £/kWh or £/m3). Cost estimations have significant ranges and / or uncertainty for some TES technologies evaluated. 5. The cost reduction potential for more established sensible heat storage technologies is limited, but both PCM and thermochemical heat stores are expected to see significant cost reductions as R&D and commercialisation advancements are made. 6. Under a business as usual scenario, TES technologies, will see little increase in uptake. Relatively stable annual sales of domestic and small commercial TTES in the UK and slight growth in the uptake of large hot water tanks for new district heating schemes can be assumed. Under this scenario little uptake of different interseasonal TES technologies is assumed, while research and development efforts for PCM and 6PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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