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Table 2 – Summary of key TES technologies Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Type Description of TES Energy input Key application areas4 System Market efficiency5 status (TRL) TTES Tank systems usually storing hot water, but molten salts and heat transfer oils have also been used extensively (depending on temperature required). All conventional and renewable heating systems (boilers, CHP, heat pumps, biomass, solar thermal). D / C / DH 50-90% 9 PTES Shallow pits dug in the ground, which are then lined and filled with gravel and / or water for energy storage. Larger solar thermal installations, as PTES is most beneficial at scale (plus interaction with other heat inputs for district heating). C / DH Up to 80% 6-8 BTES Regularly spaced vertical holes are drilled into the ground, with heat exchangers inserted to transfer heat to and from the ground. Solar thermal, ground source heat pump for extraction, potentially CHP, gas turbines, waste heat. D / C / DH 6-54% (Efficiency commonly increases the longer system is in operation) 6-8 ATES Open-loop system utilising natural underground water- bearing permeable layers from which groundwater is extracted. Ground source heat pump, waste heat, CHP. C / DH 70-90% 5-8 PCM Using organic or inorganic compounds to store energy in the form of heat in the material’s change of phase (usually from solid to liquid, but also from liquid to gas). All conventional and renewable heating systems (boilers, CHP, heat pumps, biomass, solar thermal), solar PV. D / C / DH 75-90% 5-8 THS Reversible chemical reactions to store large quantities of heat in a compact volume. Most likely industrial heat, but theoretically variety of heat sources. C / DH Potentially very high (up to 100%), but in practice so far low. 1-5 4 Description of abbreviations: D = Domestic; C = Commercial; DH = District Heating 5 System efficiency is defined as the ratio of the energy provided back to the user compared to the energy required to charge the storage system. It accounts for the energy loss during the storage period and the charging/discharging cycle. Efficiency will be impacted by the timeframe the energy is stored for, as well as by the rate of storage cycles, system insulation and other specific characteristics. 10PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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