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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Cost analysis and future cost development Capital cost estimates for TES can range from below 0.30 £/kWh for very large interseasonal applications to above 400 £/kWh for very small PCM stores for intra-day storage (as listed in Table 4; throughout the report costs refer to capital expenditure, unless outlined differently). Generally upfront costs progressively reduce as the size of the thermal store increases – meaning that the bigger the store the lower the cost (in terms of £/kWh or £/m3). Cost estimation can prove very difficult and uncertain depending on the TES technology evaluated, for each technology different methods can be adopted for calculating costs. Therefore, where possible this report includes a wide range of capital cost estimates. The high level results are presented in the summary Table 4. Table 4 – Cost overview for TES technologies analysed in this study 0.30-0.80 £/kWh N/A N/A Potentially as low as 0.30 £/kWh (highly dependent on size, and method used for measuring heat retained in ground)7 Type of TES (heat storage) District Heating Non-domestic Domestic TTES <1-150 £/kWh (highly dependent on size, e.g. some commercial systems may be similar size to domestic) 25 -180 £/kWh PTES BTES 600-1000 £/kW (note ATES size commonly expressed as maximum heating rate for heat being extracted from well not the energy stored in aquifer)8 N/A ATES PCM Unlikely to be used 250-400 £/kWh (potentially as low as 50 £/kWh for large applications) Potentially very cost effective, but at current state of research very cost intensive and not ready or economical for commercialisation. For operation and maintenance costs, there is limited data available. A study from Germany (Solites, 2012) evaluated a number of different TES projects for interseasonal heat storage and found that whilst there is very little monitored data, operating costs could be estimated to be around 0.25% of total investment cost and maintenance cost approximately 1%. Aside from the operation and maintenance of the actual thermal store, further costs for the overall integrated heating system need to be considered. Operation and maintenance of components such as 7 It should be noted that in several reported cases the methodology used for estimating the heat capacity of a BTES store and for measuring heat retention using sensors in the store, is subject to a high degree of uncertainty, as well as hydrogeological conditions being different than expected prior to installation thus changing the performance of the thermal store once operational. 8 Please note ATES costs are provided in £/kW, as the aquifer provides a natural storage medium the boundaries of the store are difficult to define. The purpose of ATES is to increase the efficiency of heating and cooling, thus the more meaningful metric used for cost comparison is kW rather than kWh, as this expresses the maximum rate at which energy can be extracted. When comparing costs in terms of m3 water equivalent ATES is very much competitive with other underground thermal storage technologies. THS 12PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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