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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies There are three primary purposes for coupling TES with different renewable and other (low carbon) generation technologies which can play a role in supporting long-term emission reduction goals: Time shifting of heat demand and production Time shifting of electricity demand Increasing the performance of specific heating technologies Time shifting of heat demand and production TES supports the shift of heat demand and production. This refers to the time when heat is produced by both conventional and renewable heating systems, such as boilers or heat pumps. This will closely be linked to increasing system performance or comfort – i.e. delivering hot water or heating from a store when the demand may not be met through the operation of the system. Therefore what is required under this scenario is an intra-day or daily balancing using a heat store. Common applications include the combination of conventional (gas or oil boilers) and renewable heating systems (e.g. heat pumps, solar thermal and biomass boilers) in the domestic space, as well as the coupling with CHP or industrial heat pump systems in the commercial or district heating segment. Secondly, very large stores can provide interseasonal storage of heat9, with the most common application for this being the integration of solar thermal into community or district heating schemes, storing heat from the summer months for use during winter. Time shifting of electricity demands For time shifting electricity demand, power would be converted into heat in order to be stored and used at a later time to provide e.g. space heating. Another application would be for combined heat and power, which could operate when the electricity grid requires power, rather than being driven by end-user heat demand. Most logical is the use on an intra-day or daily basis. A range of existing and emerging TES technologies could enable this: storage heaters, various tank based systems, phase change materials. Some time-of-use price signals are already available to customers (such as Economy 7). However these only capture part of the value of electricity system flexibility, and are static. There is already some further activity around flexible heating that uses or produces electricity in the UK. This includes Distribution Network Operator led projects such as the Customer Led Network Revolution; flexibility using electric storage heaters in the UK (as developed by VCharge); some larger CHP plants are already using thermal stores to operate more flexibly for the electricity grid; and companies such as PassivSystems are exploring flexible heat pump 9 To provide context, interseasonal heat storage refers to the concept of absorbing heat continuously during the summer and releasing it during the winter – it is not common in the UK but is becoming increasingly common elsewhere in northern Europe (specific examples are listed throughout this report). Large thermal stores, particularly for district heating, enable a proportion of winter heating to come from active solar thermal arrays and also allow other ‘waste’ energy sources including low-grade heat from CHP or industrial sites to contribute to winter heating demands. Large tanks, boreholes, pits and aquifers have also all been demonstrated for interseasonal storage of passive solar gain (heat removed from buildings by air conditioning systems) as described in the relevant sections of chapter 3. The use of interseasonal storage for individual commercial buildings using solar heat or ground source heat pumps (for heating and cooling) may grow significantly, if future non-domestic building regulations require close to zero-carbon buildings. 17PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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