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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies operation. In years to come more dynamic, sophisticated price signals may emerge. End- customers could then receive value from providing services to the electricity system. Using TES to absorb electricity and output heat may become a significant driver of thermal energy storage. Time shifting of electricity typically requires just hours of storage. Domestic thermal stores could be used, for example, to turn electric heat pumps on or off by storing hours worth of heat demand. Domestic stores, including existing hot water tanks, could also be used to ‘dump’ excess electricity produced by wind or solar generators with zero marginal running costs when electricity demand is low, or to provide short-term ancillary services to the National Grid via aggregators. Increasing the performance of other energy technologies Lastly, thermal stores have a significant role in improving the efficiency of heating and cooling technologies. For example, dumping heat (in summer) and coolth (in winter) into aquifers or boreholes can be used to improve the performance of ground source heat pumps that provide heating and cooling for buildings. In this case thermal energy is technically stored, but the primary effect or purpose of the storage is not the shifting of demand, but the improved efficiency. This provides to specific advantages: (i) Separating the production of heat from demand so it can be met by intermittent sources of heat. (ii) Smoothing the demand for heat so that low carbon heating technologies can be operated more efficiently and sized cost effectively. Understanding the interaction between thermal energy storage and other (renewable) heating systems is important for evaluating the overall benefit of the wider adoption and intelligent use of different TES technologies - specifically understanding how TES can improve efficiencies of other energy technologies such as heat pumps. While this is an area where further research could be conducted, it falls outside of the scope for this study. The importance of controls Enabling all three of the outlined purposes – time shifting of heat demand and production, time shifting of electricity demand and increasing the performance of other heating and generation technologies – is the use and integration of intelligent control systems. With regards to the time shifting of electricity, intelligent interfaces are a specific requirement for enabling real time monitoring and fast response of the thermal stores. Furthermore, with regards to increasing the efficiency of CHP or heat pump technologies, intelligent control systems improve the overall system optimisation potential. Without the development of smart controls TES may play a much less significant role in decarbonising the heating sector and providing network support for renewable integration. The area of controls has not been a focus of this research but we note the necessity of intelligent control systems, and in general observe this is an area with some activity today from companies such as PassivSystems, VCharge and IE-CHP, but with much of this activity at a relatively early stage. There remain barriers with regards to cost and integration of intelligent controls particularly for retrofit solutions. However, based on current technological developments, uptake of smart controls both in the residential and commercial / industrial sectors and increasing sophistication of systems this is unlikely to be major barrier to effective use of TES in the future. 18PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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