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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies 1.3 Current and future cost potential of TES Cost analysis of TES Throughout the research it was clearly observable that capital costs show a progressive reduction (on £ per kWh or m3 basis) as system size increases. This is true for all TES technologies. For tank based systems, the cost of tank material and insulation decreases per m3 of water stored, and for underground sensible heat stores high fixed costs (of boreholes or wells) can be spread across for large installations (see Figure 2). It is still true, but less pronounced, for PCM and THS, where economies of scale will reduce the cost of PCM and thermochemical materials as well as reducing the balance of plant cost per kWh of storage. Cost variation of the storage medium Across all technologies the operating costs are low compared to the upfront cost.10 While typically the storage medium itself shows very low costs for sensible heat storage (i.e. water, earth, rock), it is the surrounding component and installation expenditure that can drive costs of all types of TES. For TTES and PTES this includes the store’s container or insulating materials respectively, while for BTES and ATES significant costs can be associated to the drilling of boreholes and wells. On the contrary PCM and THS materials can be more expensive, driving the overall capital cost points for these stores. System components can add significant cost, as can installation Additionally, across the different TES technologies there is often high cost related to additional components such as heat exchangers, control systems and required pumps. Installation costs remain a factor, even for small systems that may require qualified heating system installers. For very large and interseasonal TES, where a large proportion of the upfront expenditure is related to the actual installation of the system, the upfront costs prove to be an even greater barrier to the implementation of projects. Operation and maintenance cost for the thermal store itself are relatively low There is limited data available, but a study from Germany (Solites, 2012) evaluated a number of different TES projects for interseasonal heat storage and found that operating costs could be estimated to be around 0.25% of total investment cost and maintenance cost approximately 1%. Additionally, maintenance costs of the overall integrated heating system, including components such as heat pumps and auxiliary heat sources as well as the thermal store, may be relatively high. Specific storage costs typically reduce as storage capacity increases Progressive cost reduction based on the increase in size is particularly relevant to large scale, interseasonal TES technologies and this subject has been widely commented on across the evaluation of specific projects (see for example Solites, 2012; Jensen, From & Sørensen, 2015; Miedaner & Sørensen, 2015). The graph below plots a number of different TES projects from across Germany and selected other continental European projects. The results presented in Figure 2 show the most comprehensive illustration of the correlation between project cost and volume of the store. Based on the graph the projects above 10,000 m3 show costs of below 150 € / m3. With all types of interseasonal storage shown, size / volume of the storage systems is important in the cost analysis. ATES, BTES and PTES installations of above 15,000 m3 can 10 Please note for the purpose of this analysis, we do not include standing losses of the heat store as an operating cost. However, it is noteworthy that even when losses are included the capital expenditure still remains proportionally more significant than the operational costs. 19PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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