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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Electric storage heaters – common in the domestic sector Another very common form of sensible heat storage is through electric storage heaters. These are a common heating technology used in the UK domestic sector. An estimated 1.8 million homes in Great Britain use storage heaters11, commonly running on Economy 7 electricity tariffs. Most homes with storage heaters will also have some direct electric panel heaters or bathroom heaters, along with a direct electric hot water tank. Electric storage heaters typically consist of ceramic blocks, which are heated to temperatures of up to 600 ̊C. Storage heaters typically run at night, storing heat in a material with a high specific heat capacity. Storage heaters used to be ‘static’ – the heat would gradually be discharged from the storage medium through the day with no or little control. Additional direct electric input from a boost heater is then sometimes necessary in the evening period before the night time charging period. Newer storage heaters aim to get towards the high response rates of direct electric heating. They achieve this response rate by using very high levels of insulation to avoid heat leaking out, a fan to drive heat from the storage medium into the room, and controls to manage the level and timing of heat discharge into the building. While not explicitly considered in this study, the case study on Dimplex storage heaters provides evidence on performance and technological potential for electric storage heaters in the UK. Case Study – Dimplex Storage Heaters Dimplex are a manufacturer of storage and heating solutions selling approximately 150,000 electric storage heaters per year. Their latest storage heater product (branded Quantum) claims a responsiveness close to the level of direct electric heaters. This responsiveness is achieved by using microporous insulation material, a high density iron ore for the storage material, a reduction in the storage temperature to 550oC, and efficient fans. Dimplex claims that this enables them to source around 90% of heat from off-peak periods for typical applications. Storage capacity ranges from under 10 kWh to over 20 kWh, with a 20 kWh Quantum storage heater costing around £800 installed (the manufacturer selling price is approximately half this amount) according to the company. This gives an effective storage cost of £40/kWh for the whole product. Direct electric panel heaters can cost around half this amount, giving an effective marginal cost of storage for direct electric heat in the region of £20/kWh. Electric storage heaters are not explicitly considered in this study, but they could become providers of valuable electricity balancing services to network operators. 11 There is a lack of robust annual sales data specifically analysing electric storage heaters and electric heating in general. The data provided (approx. 1.8 million) is based on figures provided through industry interviews and Delta-ee analysis of various housing stock surveys such as English and Scottish Housing Surveys, DECC Housing Energy Fact File and Department for Communities and Local Government. 24PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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