Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies

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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies The scope of the project outlines the goal to understand how different TES technologies can interact with conventional and renewable heating systems and what the potential for the deployment of TES is in the UK. Electric storage heaters are in a sense both a conventional heating source and heat storage medium. Additionally, they have gradually become less common and as such were excluded from the study’s scope. However, with a large installed base the use of electric storage heaters for electricity balancing could be explored further, outside of this report. Thermal mass of buildings Another form of sensible heat storage, which is present in all enclosed structures, is thermal mass of buildings. The internal structure of buildings, and to a small extent the contents, warm up and cool down with a lag following input (or loss of) heat to the internal air. In all buildings this lag helps to balance minute-by-minute and hour- by-hour temperature fluctuations, and in buildings with high thermal mass (such as old stone-built houses) day-night temperature fluctuations can be significantly reduced. Use of thermal mass to store heat and coolth is an important component of architectural design, particularly in hot countries. Modern buildings should be designed to make optimal use of their thermal mass, but the interactions between insulation and thermal mass are not simple and some modern buildings have very low thermal mass, which can necessitate higher capacity heating or cooling systems to meet more ‘spikey’ demands. Some modern buildings, particularly schools and office buildings employing natural ventilation techniques, are designed with high thermal-mass materials in optimal locations to store daytime solar gain or night-time coolth. There is generally an interest across different building segments to actively manage the temperature of building materials to reduce day-night fluctuations, for example by running night-time air conditioning through exposed concrete beams that will then remain cool during the day. Thermal mass of buildings is not considered in the rest of this report. Generally this can be attributed to the limited retrofit potential of heat storage through thermal mass in the UK housing stock. Furthermore, despite research to use concrete for storing solar thermal heat – e.g. the Masdar Institute research pilot testing 2x500 kWh thermal stores using solid-state concrete (Bergan & Greiner, 2014), it does not provide a storage solution which can be actively managed to provide flexibility from buildings in the UK. Attempts to use PCM within building materials (e.g. plaster boards) are analysed separately in Chapter 3.6. (ii) Latent heat storage A latent heat store refers to the concept of storing energy in the form of heat in the material’s change of phase most commonly from solid to liquid, but the change of phase from liquid to gas is also usable. Phase change materials – an introduction The most explored latent heat concept uses phase change material (PCM), which melts at a specific temperature and pressure. Typically the heat is stored within a 25

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