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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies very narrow temperature range. This can give the technology an advantage for applications that use heat with small temperature differences, for example providing heat pumps with heat at a constant temperature (e.g. ice water storage). In this circumstance PCM can be advantageous over sensible heat stores in terms of potential energy storage density, required store volume and significantly lower storage losses. The very narrow temperature range of PCM stores is also a major shortfall compared to sensible heat storage, which is likely more economical for applications that allow for larger temperature differences. Material choices for phase change A wide range of materials can potentially be used and they are largely explored in a research / academic context with few commercial products emerging (for more information see for example Eames et al., 2014; IEA SHC Task 42; IEA SHC Subtask C: PCM). Some further advanced solutions use aqueous salt solutions and other examples include the use of ice-slurries for cooling purposes in commercial or industrial buildings. One of the key drawbacks of latent heat stores using PCM is the low thermal conductivity of many of the materials used. Therefore an effective heat transfer must be achieved, often increasing material costs for components such as heat exchangers. (iii) Thermochemical heat storage (THS) Thermochemical heat storage (THS) is the commercially least advanced thermal storage technology. THS refers to the use of reversible chemical reactions to store large quantities of heat in a compact volume. Using different chemical reactants (usually two liquids or a solid and a vapour), the material breaks down as heat is applied and the separated parts are then stored. As the components are then recombined heat is released (see Figure 4). The energy storage density and capacity is dependent on the temperature, chemical and physical properties of the materials used. Opportunities for THS THS offers some significant advantages: THS generally has a much higher energy density than other thermal storage technologies, as well as being able to store the separated reactants for a long period of time without causing high or any degradation of the energy stored. Thus THS is able to provide efficient interseasonal storage without any significant heat losses. However, there are a number of limiting factors in the residential space, depending on the material and technology used. Examples include uncertainty with regards to reliability, potential toxicity, safety concerns, system lifetime, relatively high cost and issues around recyclability. Therefore the most likely future applications of THS are within larger commercial or industrial solutions. 26 Figure 4 – Schematic illustration of thermochemical energy storage (Source: ECN, 2013)PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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