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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies 4 Technological analysis of TES 4.1 Introduction to the analysis This section provides a detailed analysis of performance, technological potential, the current market, technology cost and cost reduction potentials, as well as main barriers to technology uptake. Each section follows the same principle providing key parameters of the respective technologies in a table format and a subsequent analysis. 4.2 Tank Thermal Energy Storage (TTES) A range of technologies can be captured under the TTES heading including but not limited to: Water based domestic thermal stores and buffer tanks Tank based systems utilising materials such as heat transfer oils and molten salts. Very large water tanks utilised for balancing intra-day CHP / DH applications and interseasonal heat storage with solar thermal plants. For smaller hot water tanks one distinguishes between direct and indirect systems. In a direct system the stored fluid and the heat transfer fluid are the same, while in an indirect system they are separate and the heat is used indirectly by means of a heat exchanger. For the analysis of domestic systems this becomes relevant as one compares between (i) thermal stores and (ii) hot water cylinders. (i) In a thermal store (indirect system) water is heated by passing through a heat exchanger that transfers heat from the thermal store water to the mains or tap water. (ii) In a hot water cylinder (direct system) the water stored is simply passed through the domestic hot water supply when required. At present, approximately 11 million homes in the UK have a hot water cylinder or thermal store13. These are used as a buffer to meet peak hot water demand from relatively small boilers or renewable heating technologies. The thermal storage capacity in domestic tanks could also be used to store heat that is transformed from electricity through heat pumps and other electric heating appliances. 13 There is a lack of robust data with regards to the number of residential dwellings with hot water cylinders. The data provided throughout the report is based on research interviews with industry stakeholders, as well as data on energy efficiency and combination boilers provided in the English Housing Surveys. These data points provide the basis for estimating the number of homes with hot water cylinders. 33PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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