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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Tank thermal energy storage using hot water is also established for larger applications. The primary applications for large water tanks are to provide intra-day balancing of CHP and district heating applications, as well as interseasonal storage in combination with solar thermal installations. As such larger hot water tanks are an established technology both in the UK and across Europe. However, unlike smaller water tanks which are manufactured standardised and at volume very large tank based systems will usually be bespoke, meeting specific design requirements and features required for the application. There are more notable R&D efforts and technological advancements in this particular area with new, very large scale solutions being developed – particularly underground tank systems potentially providing electricity system balancing. Review of current technological potential TTES is an established, mass market technology in the residential / small commercial space and there are many applications for large / district heating applications. As previously highlighted the overall market potential of hot water cylinders in the residential sector is approximately 11 million households. For large commercial and district heating, the overall potential for tank based storage is somewhat more difficult to derive. Based on BEIS’s database on district heating schemes (BEIS, 2013), there were 1,765 individual district heating networks in the UK in 2013. Approximately 75% of these are small residential heat networks with an average of 35 dwellings connected (BEIS, 2013). Additionally, district heating networks for commercial customers, hospitals and universities are also included. While smaller heat networks may not require thermal storage at a centralised location, larger district heating schemes (especially those with CHP) are increasingly looking to integrate thermal storage in order to produce heat and electricity when electricity prices are high or to provide grid balancing, supply heat from the thermal store when CHP is switched off or compensate for load variations ensuring more efficient operation of CHP. In theory tank based thermal storage systems could be installed with a wide range of district heating schemes, subject to economic viability. Overall it is expected that especially large district heating schemes will increasingly include a thermal store. However, there are some constraints around cost of thermal stores, especially very large custom-made hot water tanks. For retrofit installations there could be physical constraints to fit large tanks into existing energy centres, plant rooms or even in a city centre location for housing a very large tank – for example the 2,500 m3 thermal store at Pimlico District Heating is housed in a small tower building in the centre of Churchill Gardens (Martin-Du Pan, 2015). A way to overcome space constraints for TES in district heating, may be the use of smaller thermal stores on a heat network (e.g. located at an end-user site). This may help to reduce return water temperature by charging and discharging of the thermal stores. No specific evidence for such installations in the UK was found throughout the project, which does not imply their non-existence. An example for distributed thermal stores was found in a German heat network installed by the municipal utility Stadtwerke Schleswig (identified during research and highlighted in Ullrich, 2015). Furthermore the integration of control systems can be a technical barrier. Many older district heating schemes have basic systems that would require an upgrade for optimisation of the thermal store. 35PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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