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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Large commercial and district heating scale TTES Based on data identified throughout the literature, costs range between 360 £/m3 for a (300 m3 hot water tank), 114 £/m3 (4,300 m3 hot water tank) down to 91 £/m3 (12,000 m3 hot water tank)23. There is some cost reduction potential for larger tank based systems, especially as the production of these becomes more standardised and manufacturing scales increase. Future technological potential and development Due to the maturity of TTES there are limited advances expected for this technology. The main area where significant developments are likely is for larger stores – primarily for district heating and interseasonal storage applications. Examples of this include the development of innovative underground tank solutions24 or high temperature solutions using different storage materials other than water25. For smaller systems there is some further development being pursued with regards to system efficiency, especially as labelling under the European Energy related Products (ErP) Directive may increase the pressure on manufacturers to improve system efficiency. Further research is being carried out around the development of improved heat exchangers to acknowledge changing requirements from heating systems, due to better building insulation and renewable heating technologies. Additional R&D efforts are being pursued with regards to the intelligent connection and easy integration of renewable heating technologies, such as heat pumps. One current area of development is the creation of improved system integration for better ease of installation. Based on intelligent controls, manufacturers are also interested to explore the potential of time shifting electricity consumption from heat pumps to off-peak times using stores. This is being explored with the goal to potentially provide electricity network balancing and ancillary services. 23 Data ranges based primarily on data from European projects and literature, as these provide a more comprehensive overview of different project sizes. The respective Euro values are as follows 470 €/m3, for a 300 m3 hot water tank, 150 €/ m3, for a 4,300 m3 hot water tank and 120 €/m3, for a 12,000 m3 hot water tank. 24 For example Dutch firm Ecovat is developing a novel underground tank storage technology. The system is based on a container-in-container principle consisting of a heat buffer, modular integration of various wall sections and a heat exchanger. The shell is pre-fabricated and inserted into the ground, which is then excavated and filled with water / fills itself (if groundwater level is high enough). Afterwards the top is closed and covered with soil, significantly reducing the land use. The system can be used for heat storage e.g. from district heating (CHP) or industrial waste heat or using a large heat pump to also take advantage of electricity price tariffs and charging the underground store e.g. when power is cheap. Ecovat is currently working on a demonstrator project to confirm performance data in a real-world application. 25 Isentropic is a UK based developer, who have created a thermal store using packed bed storage, which is simply a pressure vessel (tank) filled with crushed rocks. Heat is stored by direct heat exchange between high pressure gas and particles of crushed rock or gravel. Importantly the store is ‘layered’ providing active control over different sections of the tank, which is designed to store heat at a temperature of up to 550oC. The primary application for this is to provide storage for power plants with gas turbines. At the same time Isentropic is developing and testing a ‘Pumped Heat Store’, which aims to store energy in the form of heat providing electricity grid balancing. 39PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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