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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Key barriers to deployment There are a number of key barriers to deployment that are relevant to both smaller and large commercial / district heating TTES. The most common issues that can restrict the installation of a TTES are particular space constraints and weight of system (especially in domestic dwellings). This can apply both in the residential space, but becomes an even greater issue for very large tanks that have to fit within specific building designs or city planning. When TTES is to be retrofitted to an existing building or system that did not initially consider the installation of a storage system such space / land constraints can become a barrier. Further technical issues are the weight of a tank (when full) and de-stratification of heat (especially in larger tanks). Specifically for small water cylinders in the residential space and for small commercial buildings, the growing penetration of combination boilers could prove a barrier for thermal storage as noted in Table 10. For such systems no storage is required and many new buildings in the UK are thus designed without the space allowing for this. However, sales of hot water cylinders have been relatively stable and as uptake of renewable heating technologies requiring storage increases the market is generally expected to remain stable. Nonetheless, the fact that many new residential houses are built with combi boilers means that space for thermal storage is no longer incorporated into the design of the buildings. Therefore, this may potentially reduce the future potential for these houses to be retrofitted with renewable heating technologies requiring heat storage. For large TTES the upfront cost remains a major barrier, which helps explain the relatively low uptake of retrofitting TTES for existing district heating schemes. A 2013 survey by the CHPA identified 15 UK district heating schemes that were operational, in the process of being refurbished or under construction and had been or were being fitted with thermal stores (Martin & Thornley, 2013). While this indicates a potentially low uptake, the overall proportion of district heating / heat network schemes with thermal stores cannot be conclusively identified. While cost estimates show a wide variation, there always must be a clear economic case for the district heating operator – i.e. reduction in running cost or increased sales enabled through the store. Another key element is the lack of adequate control systems that will optimise the running of a large scale integrated TTES into existing large commercial / district heating systems. Thus the integration especially with existing heating systems (using relatively basic controls) would require significant design work and investment. There is also an element of business as usual inertia and no additional incentives to install TTES for district heating (Martin & Thornley, 2013)26. 26 Further information highlighting the specific issues of TTES for district heating schemes are outlined in a report published by the Tyndall Centre in 2013 (Martin & Thornley, 2013). 40PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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