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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Review of current technological potential BTES is an established technology and there are a dozens of examples proving the technical concept and showing the extent to which BTES in combination with solar thermal and heat pumps can improve building efficiency, as well as reducing energy cost and carbon emissions. There are a number of limiting factors to the performance of BTES (as described in market barriers), with geological characteristics being one. BTES shows vertical and horizontal temperature stratification from the centre to the boundaries. This is because the heat transfer is driven by heat conduction and not by convection. Thus applications are limited by surrounding ground characteristics and for example need to avoid flowing water. However, BTES is more universally applicable than ATES, which relies on specific hydrogeological conditions. The International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (IEA-SHC) (Sibbitt & McClenahan, 2015) has outlined guidelines on specific conditions affecting the suitability of BTES. Groundwater movement can strongly affect the performance of BTES, as significant movement of water at a depth near or above the bottom level of the boreholes can lead to extensive heat loss. Should this be the case the boreholes may need to be adjusted or the conditions do not allow for a viable installation of BTES. This will also affect the depth of the boreholes reflected in a wide range of borehole depths identified in the research – from deeper than 100 metres to for example 45 metres at the Braedstrup installation. The depth at the Braedstrup installation was determined by groundwater at a depth of 50 metres, so that 45 metres depth meant a safe distance to the expected ground water level was kept (Jensen, From, & Sørensen, 2015). There is a lack of data available for providing a comprehensive overview of potentially suitable or unsuitable areas for effective borehole thermal storage in the UK. However, based on existing literature and conversations with developers it is believed that the geological conditions across the UK are not inherently restrictive to the deployment of BTES. Current market and product review The most common application of BTES in the UK is for large commercial buildings with heating loads in the winter and cooling requirements in the summer. Based on the research carried out for this report, we estimate that there are less than 10 installations in the UK. Across continental Europe and the world there are a number of BTES systems installed, with examples from Denmark (Braedstrup), Germany (Crailsheim) and Canada (Drake Landing) – as shown in Table 14. There are several companies offering BTES in the UK with examples identified including IF Tech and ICAX. 47PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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