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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies When evaluating cost / kWh for BTES installations there remains a strong degree of uncertainty. Estimating the thermal capacity is complicated and methodologies are not unequivocally proven. One method for evaluating cost of BTES is presented for the Braedstrup BTES project (Jensen & From, 2013). Based on the performance data from the project a price point of 0.3 £/kWh (0.4 €/kWh) was calculated38 – excluding transmission pipe and buffer tank (Jensen, From, & Sørensen, 2015). The reported data from the Braedstrup project was based on performance showing an unexpectedly high heat capacity. Notably, the method used for estimating the heat capacity is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. As with other TES technologies, the cost for BTES installations significantly decrease as size increases, primarily because the costs such as drilling remain fixed. Cost drivers for BTES The main cost driver for BTES is the drilling of the boreholes and installation of geothermal probes. In the example of the Crailsheim project this accounted for approximately 42% of the stores total investment costs. Based on industry interviews specifically looking at UK based applications, a cost per borehole (at >100m depth) is estimated at £4,000 - £6,000. Thus for a commercial building, which might have up to 16 boreholes, this can accumulate to total borehole costs of up to £100,000. Notably the investment costs discussed exclude other system components such as buffer tanks or GSHP. In terms of cost reduction potential, the primary area of research is the drilling of boreholes. A number of companies both in the UK and Europe are looking to reduce this primary cost driver. Furthermore, the literature emphasises the requirement to optimise storage size and shape on an individual system performance basis (Sibbitt & McClenahan, 2015; Gao, Zhao & Tang, 2015). As BTES systems become more established performance simulation and system design will become more sophisticated, increasing efficiency and improving the financial proposition. Lastly, the scale of the storage functions as a major cost driver (e.g. approximately 70 £/m3 water equivalent at a system size of 5 000 m3 and about 30 £/m3 water equivalent with the size of 10 000 m3) and there is the potential that very large BTES systems could reduce cost to less than 8 £/m3 (Sibbitt & McClenahan, 2015; Sunstore 4, 2010)39. Future technological potential and development The primary technological developments for BTES in the future will be linked to new methodologies for the drilling of boreholes, as well as developing larger scale installations (>100,000 m3). One of the key factors for BTES is that system efficiency improves over time due to the ground surrounding the boreholes heating up over time as the ground around the 38 Assuming 1 m3 of BTES equals approx. 30 kWh. 39 Original values provided in Euros are: 90 €/m3 water equivalent at a system size of 5 000 m3 and about 40 €/ m3 water equivalent with the size of 10 000 m3 and potential that very large BTES systems could reduce cost to less than 10 €/m3. 49PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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