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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies 4.6 Phase Change Material (PCM) Phase Change Material (PCM) stores energy in the form of heat in the material’s change of phase. The most common change of phase applied is the change from solid to liquid, but using the change of phase from liquid to gas can also be feasible. The choice of material used within a PCM heat store is dependent on the required temperature for the TES. As it changes its phase from solid to liquid, in most cases the PCM is separate from the heat transfer fluid. Thus either the PCM is encapsulated within containers and the heat transfer fluid is flowing over the container or a heat exchanger is inserted into a store full of PCM material. There is a wide range of potential PCMs that can be used and PCM applications range from freezing to high temperature storage. To an extent PCM could compete with hot water cylinders, but at the same time it has the potential to be a complementary resource. For example through hybrid tank / PCM systems, applications where tank systems cannot physically fit, effective integration with heat pumps for time shifting electricity use or for increasing self-consumption of self- generated PV electricity. PCM applications for cooling are more advanced than for heat storage. Materials for PCM Both organic and inorganic compounds can be used as a PCM. Organic compounds offer wide a range of melting points, higher safety, high latent heat and negligible super-cooling, but are costly and have low energy density, thermal conductivity and suffer from flammability. Inorganic compounds are mainly salt hydrates or molten salts. The main advantages are lower costs, high latent heat, high specific density and a melting point range from about 5oC to 120oC. The disadvantages are that for long term stability these must be sealed to prevent water loss, chemical decomposition and corrosion of casing materials. PCM’s energy density advantages are driving product development activity The primary advantage of PCM is the higher energy density and lower volume of PCM stores compared to sensible heat stores. Therefore interest for PCM products is relatively high with several heating system and hot water cylinder manufacturers having evaluated the potential for PCM. Additionally there are smaller technology developers active in the UK and PCM heat stores in the domestic environment have been part of trial projects such as BEIS’s Advanced Heat Storage Competition run in 2012. PCM heat stores have the potential to be used with both conventional and (high temperature) renewable heat sources. 56PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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