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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Further materials research driving down costs Increased experience and improved manufacturing techniques driven by production volume driving down costs Improved system design and component integration (e.g. heat exchangers) Future technological potential and development There are many areas of technology development and exploration of applications for PCM. The most important focus areas for technological and commercial development are highlighted below. Further information can for example be found within publications by the IEA (Annex 42/24). Integration of PCM into small and larger hot water tanks for improved performance. Hybrid TES systems could look like a normal thermal store but include PCM element. Figure 11 shows how such hybrid store could potentially look. Throughout the industry interviews it was expressed that hot water / PCM hybrids have significant potential and are likely to emerge in the medium term future (around 2-5 years). Through hybrid solutions large thermal stores could achieve a significantly greater storage volume while at the same time reducing or maintaining the size of the storage vessel. In future new PCMs will emerge that can provide storage for applications where water cannot be used as a storage medium. Examples include cooling applications with temperatures below 0oC or industrial applications with temperature requirement above 100oC. Increasing the energy density and thermal conductivity of PCMs to make charging and discharging more efficient. Performance and cost of heat exchangers integrated into thermal stores. One of the main challenges is the integration of the heat exchanger onto the store, while preventing corrosion from being in contact with the phase change material. To commercialise competitive PCM stores it will be key to improve heat exchanger integration and reduce component costs. Integration into building materials – such as integration within walls and building materials improving the thermal mass of buildings and flattening heat consumption through this (enabling lower capacity heating appliances, and smoother and potentially more efficient operation of these appliances). See separate case study analysis. 59 Figure 11 – theoretical design of hot water / PCM hybrid (Source: (Castell, et al., 2009)PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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